In this study we compare the efficiency of different blotting techniques, including semi-dry, tank transfer, and fast-blotting systems on proteins across a wide range of molecular weights with particular emphasis on large proteins (≥ 200 kD). We also conducted experiments transferring high molecular weight proteins that are difficult to transfect using conventional methods. The results demonstr...

Inducible virulence (vir) genes of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid are under control of a two-component regulatory system. In response to environmental factors (phenolic compounds, sugars, pH) VirA protein phosphorylates VirG, which in turn interacts with the promoters of other vir genes, causing induction. A mutation of virG, virGN54D (which codes for a Asn-54-->Asp a...

Fouling is a common, fundamental and costly problem in heat transfer systems, which reduces thermal efficiency of equipment, increases the energy loss and causes strong damage to the heat transfer equipment in various industries. The main causes of fouling on the heat transfer surfaces are salts with inverse temperature-solubility in the fluid which calcium sulfate is one of the most important ...

The effect of pH on the fluorescence efficiency of fluorescein is evaluated using thermal lens technique. Fluorescence efficiency increases as the sample becomes more and more alkaline. But when fluorescein is mixed with rhodamine B fluorescence quenching of fluorescein takes place with the excitation of rhodamine B. The electronic energy transfer in this mixture is investigated using Optical P...

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an important mechanism for the estimation of intermolecular distances, e.g., in fluorescent labeled proteins. The interpretations of FRET experiments with standard Förster theory relies on the following approximations: (i) a point-dipole approximation (PDA) for the coupling between transition densities of the chromophores, (ii) a screening of this cou...

The distance-dependence of excitation energy transfer, e.g., being described by Förster theory (Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)), allows the use of optical techniques for the direct observation of structural properties. Recently, this technique has been successfully applied in the gas phase. The detailed interpretation of the experimental FRET results, however, relies on the comparison...