Translation is not merely a mater of linguistics. The major goal the present paper to investigate relationship between ‘culture’ and ‘translation’. To this end, researcher drew on corpus from English Persian languages. findings indicated that although different languages, like Persian, employ linguistic forms, variety cannot be considered as real challenge. Since during process translation, sou...

Using Chinese characters as an intermediate equivalent unit, we decompose machine translation into two stages, semantic translation and grammar translation. This strategy is tentatively applied to machine translation between Vietnamese and Chinese. During the semantic translation, Vietnamese syllables are one-by-one converted into the corresponding Chinese characters. During the grammar transla...

*This article abstract was originally published in English. This translation has not been verified and should not be relied upon—it is provided for reference purposes only. The Publishers, Editors and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine have not checked this translation and accept no liability for completeness or accuracy of this translation or the use of this translation for wha...

background: the hepatic secretion of apolipoprotein b (apob), containing lipoproteins, is known to be regulated by insulin, and the overproduction of these atherogenic lipoproteins occurs in insulin-resistant states. protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (ptp-1b) is a key regulator of hepatic insulin signaling and is also upregulated in insulin resistance. we aimed to investigate the role of ptp-1b i...

the copulative word “kâna” has been used 1450 times in the holy quran with its derivatives in different structures. the translators of the holy quran, therefore, must know the meaning of the verb in line with the context in which it is used so that they may translate the verb “kâna” as close as possible to the quranic text. mostly the verb has been used in conditional and relative clauses and i...

The current study aimed at investigating the most common translation problems that students of additional professional education program “Translator for specific purpose” Kazan Federal University had while translating texts on business and economics from Russian into English. To fulfill aim research 61 participants were given authentic materials periodicals translation. contained lexical - phra...

The practical importance of automata on infinite objects has motivated a re-examination of the complexity of automata-theoretic constructions. One such construction is the translation, when possible, of nondeterministic Büchi word automata (NBW) to nondeterministic co-Büchi word automata (NCW). Among other applications, it is used in the translation (when possible) of LTL to the alternation-fre...

Black humor plays a crucial role in fulfilling Langston Hughes's anti-racist purposes as an integral notion in his poetry.  Accordingly, translation(s) of his poetry are to benefit from the same indexes on the basis of equivalent effect principle. On this account, 33 black-humor-rich poems of Hughes, translated by Ahmad Shamloo, Yaghma Golruee and Hassan Fayyad, were selected to be analyzed con...

We study an output-based translation of the λ-calculus with explicit substitution into the synchronous π-calculus – enriched with pairing – that has its origin in mathematical logic, and show that this translation respects reduction. We will define the notion of (explicit) head reduction -which encompasses (explicit) lazy reductionand show that the translation fully represents this reduction in...

The paper proposes an unsupervised method to extract translation equivalents from parallel corpora. The strategy we use takes into account the context of words. Given a word of the source language and a particular context, we learn its word translation within an equivalent context. We first extract pairs of similar contexts and, then, we compare the similarity between words appearing in each pa...