In 2010, the World Bank categorized countries in per capita gross domestic product in terms of purchasing power parity (at constant 1990 prices) in three categories: low, middle (lower and upper) and high income. If a country caught at least 28 years in lower middle income level and at least 14 years caught in upper middle-income level, then they are trapped in lower middle and upper middle...

objective(s):valproic acid (vpa), a drug used in the treatment of neurological disorders, has been shown to have cytotoxic effects on cancer cells through different mechanisms. telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase, is responsible for elongation of the telomere and is activated in cancers. a relation between telomerase activity and resistance to apoptosis has been established. t...

CD40L is a membrane protein belonging to the tumour necrosis factor family, originally found on activated T cells. The CD40L-CD40 interaction is of critical importance in the adaptive immune response, in innate immunity and in inflammation. Recently, activated platelets have been found to express CD40L. Platelets can stimulate endothelial cells via a CD40L-CD40 interaction to upregulate adhesio...

BACKGROUND Multinucleated giant cells have been noticed in diverse arthritic conditions since their first description in rheumatoid synovium. However, their role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) still remains broadly unknown. We aimed to study the presence and characteristics of multinucleated giant cells (MGC) both in synovium and in subchondral bone tiss...

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the influence of osteoprotegerin (OPG) on the differentiation, activation, and apoptosis of Gaoyou duck embryo osteoclasts cultured in vitro. Bone marrow cells were harvested from 23-d-old Gaoyou duck embryos and cultured in the presence of different concentrations of OPG (group A: no added factors, group B: 30 ng/mL of OPG, and group C: 100 ng/mL...

Patterns of animal activity provide important insight into hypotheses in animal behavior, physiological ecology, behavioral ecology, as well as population and community ecology. Understanding patterns of animal activity in field settings is often complicated by the need for expensive equipment and time-intensive methods that limit data collection. Because animals must be active to be detected, ...