Network reliability is an important issue in the topological design of the 3G cellular networks in order to guarantee consistent services. This paper aims to present network reliability analysis of various network topologies, including spanning tree, single ring, multiring, and two versions of hybrid ring-and-tree. We derived reliability analysis models for the hybrid ring-and-tree topologies i...

Based on the tree-ring growth characteristics of Erman’s birch (Betula ermanii charm.) and the relationships between it and climatic factors at elevation of 1950m, the sensitivity of tree lines in Changbai Mountain to climatic factors was assessed. The results indicated tree line forest in Changbai Mountain had an obvious sensitivity to climate factors. However, difference from other study sits...

ABSTRACT Galaxy models have long predicted that galactic bars slow down by losing angular momentum to their postulated dark haloes. When the bar slows down, resonance sweeps radially outwards through disc while growing in volume, thereby sequentially capturing new stars at its surface/separatrix. Since trapped conserve action of libration, which measures relative distance centre, order is prese...

Increasing intensity and frequency of droughts are leading to forest dieback, growth decline tree mortality worldwide. Reducing tree-to-tree competition for water resources is a primary goal adaptive climate silviculture strategies, particularly in reforested areas with high planting density. Yet, we need better insights into the role stand type (i.e., natural forests versus plantations) on res...

Past temperature variations are usually inferred from proxy data or estimated using general circulation models. Comparisons between climate estimations derived from proxy records and from model simulations help to better understand mechanisms driving climate variations, and also offer the possibility to identify deficiencies in both approaches. This paper presents regional temperature reconstru...