Mangrove ecosystems are distributed worldwide, along tropical and subtropical coastlines. For a long time, mangrove biogeographers have been challenged by the question: why is distribution restricted to its current latitudinal limits? The Araranguá estuary in Brazil located ?75 km beyond eastern South America limit. Despite geomorphology apparently being suitable for colonization, mangroves rep...

The Pearl River, with an annual mean discharge rate of ~ 10,000 ms, has profound dynamic and ecological influences on the northern shelf of the South China Sea. A coastal ocean model is set up to simulate the circulation in the Pearl River Estuary and the neighboring coastal regions. In winter the Guangdong Coastal Current, which flows southwestward and passes the mouth of the estuary, forces t...