The structure of turnip crinkle virus has been determined at 3.2 A resolution, using the electron density of tomato bushy stunt virus as a starting point for phase refinement by non-crystallographic symmetry. The structures are very closely related, especially in the subunit arm and S domain, where only small insertions and deletions and small co-ordinate shifts relate one chain to another. The...

in this research the drying of four kinds of vegetables was investigated in a vacuum dryer. the effect of temperature on drying rate of samples at various temperatures (30, 35 and 45 °c) was studied. six thin-layer drying models were fitted to drying data and suitable model was selected from them. then effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of samples were calculated. the diffusio...

A cDNA encoding flavone synthase I was amplified by RT-PCR from leaflets of Petroselinum crispum cv. Italian Giant seedlings and functionally expressed in yeast cells. The identity of the recombinant, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzyme was verified in assays converting (2S)-naringenin to apigenin.

Furanocoumarins, Phytoalexins, O-Methyltransferases, Fungal Elicitor, Cell Suspension Cultures Cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum) treated with an elicitor from the soybean patho­ gen, Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea, were used as source for the separation, extensive purification and characterization of S-adenosyl-L-methionine: xanthotoxol and S-adenosyl-Lmethionine: bergaptol...

An elicitor-regulated transient expression system was established in soybean protoplasts that allowed the identification of cis-regulatory elements involved in plant defense. The 5' region of an ultraviolet (UV) light-inducible and elicitor-inducible chs gene (chs1) of soybean was subjected to deletion analysis with the help of chimeric chs-nptII/gus gene constructs. This analysis delimited the...

The expected number of vertices that remain joined to the root vertex s of a rooted graph Gs when edges are prone to fail is a polynomial EV (Gs; p) in the edge probability p that depends on the location of s. We show that optimal locations for the root can vary arbitrarily as p varies from 0 to 1 by constructing a graph in which every permutation of k specified vertices is the ‘optimal’ orderi...

Graph-indexed random walks (or equivalently M -Lipschitz mappings of graphs) are a generalization of standard random walk on Z. For M ∈ N, an M-Lipschitz mapping of a connected rooted graph G = (V,E) is a mapping f : V → Z such that root is mapped to zero and for every edge (u, v) ∈ E we have |f(u) − f(v)| ≤ M . We study two natural problems regarding graph-indexed random walks. 1. Computing th...

In a rooted graph, a vertex is designated as its root. An outerplanar graph is represented by a plane embedding such that all vertices appear along its outer boundary. Two different plane embeddings of a rooted outerplanar graphs are called symmetric copies. Given integers n ≥ 3 and g ≥ 3, we give an O(n)-space and O(1)-time delay algorithm that enumerates all biconnected rooted outerplanar gra...

Contact-shifted resonances have been detected in the pmr spectra of both oxidized and reduced forms of spinach and parsley ferredoxins. These resonances are assigned to the beta-CH(2) protons of four cysteine residues that are thought to bind the iron-sulfur redox center to the polypeptide chain. Temperature dependences of contact shifts reveal that the two iron atoms are antiferromagnetically ...