background: water, sanitation and hygiene have a very important role in public health. poor sanitation is the cause of water contamination, which causes many types of diseases. the aim of this paper was to present the attributable death and disability adjusted life year (dalys) of untreated water and insanitary environments from 1990 to 2010 in iran.   methods: in the global burden of disease 2...

Studies of optimal growth in a multisector framework are generally addressed in reduced form models. These are defined by an indirect utility function which summarizes the consumers’ preferences and the technologies. Weak concavity assumptions of the indirect utility function allow one to prove differentiability of optimal solutions and stability of steady state. This paper shows that if the co...

introduction: urinary incontinence (ui) is high prevalent in older women. little is known about how they manage with this chronic condition from their points of view. the aim of this study was to explore older women’s experiences of management strategies in dealing with urinary incontinence.  methods: eight community dwelling women aged 60 and over, with long term ui participated in this qualit...

Two-stage methods involve using data on postprogression survival in the control group as an observational dataset, and estimating the treatment effect specific to switchers. Then, counterfactual survival times are estimated using: Ui = TAi + TBi μB Where TAi represents the time spent on control treatment, TBi represents the time spent on the new intervention and μBis the treatment effect (accel...

Lack of social interaction is associated with a heightened sense loneliness and, in turn, poorer psychological well-being. Despite the prevalence communicating others virtually even when physically alone, whether interaction–loneliness–well-being relationship different between face-to-face and virtual interactions younger older adults relatively understudied. This 21-day diary study examined th...

We consider a portfolio-choice problem with one risky and one safe asset, where the utility function exhibits decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA). We show that the indirect utility function of the portfolio-choice problem need not exhibit DARA. However, if the (optimal) marginal propensity to invest is positive for both assets, which is true when the utility function exhibits nondecreasing...