The sun protection factor (SPF) has widely been used to evaluate the protective value of sunscreens. However, SPF only reflects the effectiveness of the sunscreen to protect against acute sunburn which is mainly due to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The deleterious effects of UVB are well known and UVB was believed in the past to be the spectrum responsible for the damages arising from ultravio...

In his recent commentary, Robins (2009) disputed the role played by ultraviolet radiation (UVR), namely, the vitamin-D-producing wavelengths of ultraviolet B (UVB), in the evolution of human skin. He questioned the theory that reduced levels of pigmentation in human skin were selected to facilitate absorption of UVB. He provided evidence to support his idea that people can produce enough vitami...

Solar irradiance (W/m2) and downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficients (Kd; 1/m) were determined in several locations in Prince William Sound (AK, USA) between April 2003 and December 2005 to assess temporal and spatial variation in solar radiation and the risks of photo-enhanced toxicity from spilled oil. Weekly irradiance measurements of surface visible light, ultraviolet B (UVB), and ultra...

OBJECTION The aim of this study is to determine the effect of clothing and the environment on human exposure to ultraviolet light. METHODS The ultraviolet (ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B) light intensity was measured, and air quality parameters were recorded in 2014 in Beijing, China. Three types of clothing (white polyester cloth, pure cotton white T-shirt, and pure cotton black T-shirt) we...

Phototherapy using sunburn spectrum ultraviolet radiation (UVB) is now a frequently utilized treatment for psoriasis that is extensive or has not responded to topical preparations. Four university centers performed a prospective randomized clinical trial to compare remission times of patients with psoriasis who continued UVB phototherapy after initial clearing with this therapy and patients who...

This article describes data on the intensity of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation collected during field questionnaire-based surveys in Athens, Greece. The surveys were conducted over 11 days of July and October 2010 at three different urban, outdoor sites. A total of 1104 interviews were conducted. The participants were asked to report whether they felt they got a sunburn at the moment of the inte...

The effects that ultraviolet rays elicit on collagen synthesis and degradation are the most common causes of wrinkle formation and photo-aging in skin. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Angelica acutiloba root ethanol extract (AAEE) to promote collagen synthesis and inhibit collagen degradation in human dermal fibroblasts. By examining total polyphenol and flavonoid c...

Time series observations at UV (Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope/Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) and X-ray (Soft X-Ray Telescope/Yohkoh) wavelengths reveal properties of the global solar corona that are not easily identiÐed in a single image. A median-Ðltering technique that rejects features varying with time is used to isolate background corona. The coronal hole boundaries, polar plum...

Radiochromic film is tested for its broad-band response to ultraviolet (UV) B (290-320 nm) and A (320 nm400 nm), visible and infrared radiation produced by a solar simulator and examined for dosimetry in ultraviolet radiation. Results show that MD-55-2 radiochromic film in solar and fluorescent light sources responds almost exclusively to broad-band UVA radiation with negligible colouration fro...

We report on a multi-mJ 2.1-m OPCPA system operating at a 1-kHz repetition rate, pumped by a picosecond cryogenic Yb:YAG pump laser, and the phase-matched high-flux highharmonic soft X-ray generation. OCIS codes: (190.4970) Parametric oscillators and amplifiers, (340.7480) X-rays, soft x-rays, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), (320.7090) Ultrafast lasers