Within the framework of the conditional Arbritage Pricing Theory, estimators of conditional risk are not unique. We focus on an estimator of conditional risk based on the conditional volatility of the asset return. Estimates of conditional risk account for: 1) interdependence of conditional and unconditional moments of the asset return; 2) effect of the conditional and unconditional fourth mome...

Various scholars have lately employed a wide range of strategies to resolve specific types symmetrical fractional differential equations. This paper introduces new implicit finite difference method with variable-order time-fractional Caputo derivative solve semi-linear initial boundary value problems. Despite its extensive use in other areas, calculus has only recently been applied physics. aim...