E ciency in the IPO (Initial Public O ering) aftermarket is tested without imposing any restrictions on the priors about potential default at the issue date. Merging Ritter's extended dataset (which covers the period 1975-84) with the CRSP tapes, IPOs are followed up to ten years after issue. Across all IPOs, or when stratifying IPOs according to issue underpricing, industry a liation or rank o...