Humans restrain self-interest with moral and social values. They are the only species known to exhibit reciprocal fairness, which implies the punishment of other individuals' unfair behaviors, even if it hurts the punisher's economic self-interest. Reciprocal fairness has been demonstrated in the Ultimatum Game, where players often reject their bargaining partner's unfair offers. Despite progre...

Elevated blood pressure is an important public health problem in midlife women, especially among minority groups. Few studies have examined the impact of perceived unfair treatment due to different factors such as racism, sexism, or ageism on blood pressure. By use of a racially/ethnically diverse community sample of nearly 3,300 midlife women enrolled in the longitudinal, multisite Study of Wo...

This paper presents a novel context-based approach to find reliable recommendations for trust model in ubiquitous environments. Context is used in our approach to analyze the user’s activity, state and intention. Incremental learning based neural network is used to dispose the context in order to detect doubtful recommendations. This approach has distinct advantages when dealing with randomly g...

Evaluation of the effectiveness and robustness of reputation systems is important for the trust research community. However, existing testbeds are mainly simulation based and not flexible to perform robustness evaluation, and none of them is specifically designed to evaluate the robustness of reputation systems against unfair rating attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel comprehensive testb...

Studies using the Ultimatum Game have shown that participants reject unfair offers extended by another person although this incurs a financial cost. Previous research suggests that one possible explanation for this apparently selfdefeating response is that unfair offers involve strong negative responses that decrease the chances of responders accepting offers that would objectively constitute a...

The processes underlying decision-making in response to unfair offers in the ultimatum game (UG) have recently been discussed in light of models of reciprocity and fairness-related behavior. It has been suggested that behavior following norm-oriented, internalized expectations of reciprocity requires overcoming economic self-interest. In this study we investigated both, behavioral and periphera...

Measurement professionals cannot come to an agreement on the definition of the term „item fairness‟. In this paper a continuous measure of item unfairness is proposed. The more the unfairness measure deviates from zero, the less fair the item is. If the measure exceeds the cutoff value, the item is identified as definitely unfair. The new approach can identify unfair items that would not be ide...

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine one of biological correlates, pro-inflammatory cytokine, in rejection of unfair financial offers in the Ultimatum Game (UG), where the division of a sum of money is proposed and the player can accept or reject this offer. METHODS Nineteen participants played 20 trials of the UG as responders, and they were proposed unfair offers in a half of the trials. ...

the multilateral trading system as a sub-system of the present international system from its beginning as gatt in 1947, after scond world war, until now have been criticized by different countries. with the conversion of gatt into the wto in 1994, not only dissatisfaction of the countries with the performance of multilateral trading system have not gone away, but in many cases also have increas...

Offenders with psychopathy have often committed crimes violating social norms, which may suggest a biased moral reasoning in psychopathy. Yet, as findings on utilitarian decisions remain conflicting, the current study investigated different aspects of fairness considerations in offenders with psychopathy, offenders without psychopathy and healthy individuals (N = 18/14/18, respectively). Unfair...