Abstract The present study investigated the use of apology response (AR) strategies by L1-Chinese L2-English learners and L1-English L2-Chinese from a cross-linguistic perspective. A total 18 Taiwanese college students who were learning English as foreign language foreigners in Taiwan Chinese second recruited to complete an oral discourse completion task both English. major findings are follows...

An automaton is partially ordered if the only cycles in its transition diagram are self-loops. We study the universality problem for ptNFAs, a class of partially ordered NFAs recognizing piecewise testable languages. The universality problem asks if an automaton accepts all words over its alphabet. Deciding universality for both NFAs and partially ordered NFAs is PSpace-complete. For ptNFAs, th...

We define a hexagonal partitioned cellular automaton (HPCA), and study logical universality of a reversible HPCA. We give a specific 64-state reversible HPCA H1, and show that a Fredkin gate can be embedded in this cellular space. Since a Fredkin gate is known to be a universal logic element, logical universality of H1 is concluded. Although the number of states of H1 is greater than those of t...

Universality in unitary invariant random matrix ensembles with complex matrix elements is considered. We treat two general ensembles which have a determinant factor in the weight. These ensembles are relevant, e.g., for spectra of the Dirac operator in QCD. In addition to the well established universality with respect to the choice of potential, we prove that microscopic spectral correlators ar...