Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most deadly human pathogens. The major mechanism for the adaptations of M. tuberculosis is nucleotide substitution. Previous studies have relied on the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution rate (dN/dS) ratio as a measurement of selective constraint based on the assumed selective neutrality of synonymous substitutions. However, this assumption has bee...

Introduction Although widely embraced in clinical applications, array coils [1] still pose tremendous design challenges due to coupling between coil elements [2]. Several strategies have been proposed for eliminating mutual inductance, such as overlapping [1, 3], orthogonal positioning [3], use of low impedance preamplifiers [1], digital postprocessing [4], capacitive/inductive networks [5] and...

Cold-hardy insects overwinter by one of two main strategies: freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance by supercooling. As a general model, many freeze-tolerant species overwinter in extreme climates, freeze above -10 degrees C via induction by ice-nucleating agents, and once frozen, can survive at temperatures of up to 40 degrees C or more below the initial freezing temperature or supercooling poi...

In this class action, Plaintiffs allege Defendants made false and misleading statements in violation of: (1) Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act (the "Act") and Rule 1 Ob-5 promulgated thereunder, and (2) Section 20(a) of the Act. Section 10(b) of the Act makes it unlawful "[t]o use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security registered on a national securities e...

The wireless medium is often called a fading channel: the pejorative adjective suggests that the intrinsic temporal and frequency variations are an impediment to reliable communication. While not untrue, the channel fluctuations are turned from foe to friend in some scenarios. A concrete situation is when the time scale of communication is much larger than that of the channel fluctuations: the ...

1. As John Hawthorne and Maria Lasonen-Aarnio appreciate, some of the central issues raised in their ‘Knowledge and Objective Chance’ arise for all but the most extreme theories of knowledge. In a wide range of cases, according to very plausible everyday judgments, we know something about the future, even though, according to quantum mechanics, our belief has a small but nonzero chance (objecti...

Planning for partially observable, nondeterministic domains is a very significant and computationally hard problem. Often, reasonable assumptions can be drawn over expected/nominal dynamics of the domain; using them to constrain the search may lead to dramatically improve the efficiency in plan generation. In turn, the execution of assumption-based plans must be monitored to prevent runtime fai...

Rumor is a kind of social remark, that is untrue, and not be confirmed, and spreads on a large scale in a short time. Usually, it can induce a cloud of pressure, anxiety, and panic. Traditionally, it is propagated by word of mouth. Nowadays, with the emergence of the internet, rumors can be spread by instant messengers, emails, or publishing. With this new pattern of spreading, an ISRW dynamica...

As a mental health worker who has been watching the working out of the Mental Deficiency Acts for some years now, I would allow myself some honest criticism in the hope that it may be constructive. I often wonder, allowing for the still serious lack of institutional accommodation in most areas, whether it is really necessary to make such provision for some of the high grade patients who are at ...

Radiation science is dominated by a paradigm based on an assumption without empirical foundation. Known as the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis, it holds that all ionizing radiation is harmful no matter how low the dose or dose rate. Epidemiological studies that claim to confirm LNT either neglect experimental and/or observational discoveries at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels, ...