OBJECTIVES (1) To estimate the cost of irrational prescribing, and (2) to compare the effect of three different kinds of user fee on prescribing costs, in rural Nepal. METHODS A controlled before-after study was conducted in 33 government primary health care facilities in rural eastern Nepal during 1992-95. A fee per prescription (covering all drugs in whatever amounts) was regarded as the co...

We introduce the concept of identity-differentiating widgets (iDwidgets), widgets parameterized by the identity of their user. Although multi-user applications have become more common, most support only traditional ”single-user” widgets. By adding user-identity information we allow interactions with today’s widgets to be dynamically customized on a per-user basis in a group usage setting. The c...

background a fall in plasma concentration of energy status related hormones (leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1) and insulin) and body energy expenditure occurs in response to short term fasting. nevertheless, the relations of the fasting-induced changes in energy related hormones and metabolites with fasting energy expenditure (fee) under extended fasting condition have received littl...

BACKGROUND Wisconsin Medicaid enrollees are eligible for treatment for tobacco dependence at minimal charge to the enrollee. This paper describes an evaluation of the use of this treatment within the Wisconsin fee-for-service Medicaid program. METHODS Pharmaceutical claims data for Medicaid fee-for-service patients were analyzed for the year 1999 to determine rates of treatment use. RESULTS...

Public health systems in most low-income countries are unfair to poor people. Clearly preventive and curative public health-care services, especially hospital services, are accessed by poor people less frequently than by those who are better off . This injustice is now high on the international agenda. A solution for this issue has some global dimensions, such as the need for a large transfer o...

BlockChain (BC) immutability ensures BC resilience against modification or removal of the stored data. In large scale networks like the Internet of Things (IoT), however, this feature significantly increases BC storage size and raises privacy challenges. In this paper, we propose a Memory Optimized and Flexible BC (MOF-BC) that enables the IoT users and service providers to remove or summarize ...

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