The article processing charge (APC) is currently the primary method of funding professionally published Open Access peer reviewed journals. The pricing principles of 77 OA publishers publishing over 1000 journals using APCs were studied and classified. The most commonly used pricing method is a single fixed fee, which can either be the same for all of a publisher’s journals or individually dete...

For an outsider innovator in a Cournot oligopoly, royalty licensing could be superior to both fixed fee and auction. The result depends on a simple fact that has been overlooked in the existing literature, namely, the number of licenses can take only integer values.  2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: D21; D43; D45

This paper presents a comparative statics result on a rental housing market. The relationship between the qualities of apartments and their rents is investigated. Our comparative statics considers rent changes when an improvement occurs in a local area of the market. We show that rents go up locally in response to the improvement, but rents go down in the inner area of the city. To show the dis...

Wheel flats are one of the most common types defect found in railway systems. can result decreasing passenger comfort and noise if they slight, or serious incidents such as derailment severe. With increasing demand for transport, speed weight rolling stock tend to increase, which results relatively rapid deterioration. The occurrence wheel is also affected by this demand. To perform preventativ...