To estimate the impact of porcine parvovirus (PPV) vaccines on the emergence of new phenotypes, the population dynamic history of the virus was calculated using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method with a Bayesian skyline coalescent model. Additionally, an in vitro model was performed with consecutive passages of the 'Challenge' strain (a virulent field strain) and NADL2 strain (a vacci...

background: influenza virus is a major infectious pathogen of the respiratory system causing a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. the worldwide vaccines are decided and produced annually by world health organization and licensed companies based on the samples collected from all over the world. the aim of this study was to determine phylogenecity and heterogenecity of the circulati...

BACKGROUND A novel meningococcal multicomponent vaccine, 4CMenB (Bexsero®), has been approved in Europe, Canada, Australia and US. The potential impact of 4CMenB on strain coverage is being estimated by using Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS), an ELISA assay which measures vaccine antigen expression and diversity in each strain. Here we show the genetic characterization and the 4CMenB ...

Abstract Mycoplasma pulmonis and muris infections have been associated with several diseases in conventionally housed laboratory rat and mice colonies. In naturally infected of mycoplasma pulmonis in mice and rat colonies, the respiratory organ appears to be the favored site of colonization; so, it was not surprising to see that infection spread from the site of urogenital tract to the respirat...

BACKGROUND Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a pathogen of multiple serogroups that is highly prevalent in many populations. Serogroups associated with invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Canada, for example, include A, B, C, W-135, X and Y. IMD is a rare but serious outcome of Nm infection, and can be prevented with vaccines that target certain serogroups. This has stimulated the development ...

A pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus strain was isolated from a pig farm in Korea in December 2009. The strain was propagated in and isolated from both the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line and embryonated eggs. The partial and complete sequences of the strain were identical to those of A/California/04/2009, with >99% sequence similarity in the HA, NA, M, NS, NP, PA, PB1, and PB2 genes. The is...

In-ovo vaccination is an attractive immunization approach for poultry industry. However, most of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strains used after hatch are unsafe, as in-ovo vaccines, due to their high pathogenicity for chicken embryos. In this study, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a thermostable NDV strain TS09-C, derived from V4 strain, as in-ovo vaccine. Chickens i...

Infectious bursal disease (IBD), commonly known as “Gumboro Disease is an infectious viral disease of chickens inducing severe immunosuppression. In Pakistan, imported vaccine is used to prevent the disease but there have been outbreaks even in vaccinated flocks. This indicates that there is variation among the locally prevalent viral strains and commercially available vaccine strain. In presen...

Eigelsbach, H. T. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), J. J. Tulis, M. H. McGavran and J. D. White. Live tularemia vaccine. I. Host-parasite relationship in monkeys vaccinated intracutaneously or aerogenically. J. Bacteriol. 84:1020-1027. 1962.-Bacteriological, histological, immunohistochemical, and serological studies were made on monkeys administered live tularemia vaccine strain LVS by either of ...

Lactococcosis disease incident caused by Lactococcus garvieae has been increased with increasing aquaculture productions and outbreaks of the disease have become a threat on farmed species. To prevent lactococcosis, inactivated vaccine has been used, however, it only provides protection when given by injection. Other than inactivated vaccine, various vaccines such as subunit vaccines c...