A heat transfer model of boiling flow in steam heated calandria tubes is presented. The model predictions for vapour formation, heat transfer and pressure difference are compared with experimental data and yield reasonable agreement. Characteristic curves are presented showing predicted evaporation rate, heat transfer and pressure difference for a set of parameters representative of a high grad...

Co/Fe multilayers with different layer thickness formed by electron beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum have been investigated by grazing incidence x-ray reflectivity ͑GIXRR͒ and alternating gradient force magnetometry. The interface thicknesses are lower than GIXRR uncertainty ͑ϳ1 nm͒, favoring a strong magnetic exchange interaction between the layers responsible for their single phase magnetic b...

Cobalt was deposited on single-crystal Ges001d surface at ,350 °C by electron-beam evaporation in an ultrahigh-vacuum transmission electron microscope. The deposited Co reacts with Ge to form nanosized islands with the cobalt germanide Co5Ge7 phase. The Co5Ge7 islands show square and rectangular shapes. Two epitaxial orientation relationships between Co5Ge7 and Ge were observed: Co5Ge7 k110ls00...

We claim that imposing energy conservation to the emission of Hawking radiation and to the modelling of black hole evaporation might prevent black hole explosions as well as violations of the third law of black hole thermodynamics. This is specifically shown for the general class of spherically symmetric quantum black holes described by an effective quantum vacuum invariant under boosts in the ...

Thermal etching is a method which is able to reveal and characterize grain boundaries, twins or dislocation structures and determine parameters such as grain boundary energies, surface diffusivities or study phase transformations in steels, intermetallics or ceramic materials. This method relies on the preferential transfer of matter away from grain boundaries on a polished sample during heatin...

L. Blacha, A. Smalcerz Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Matallurgy, Katowice, Poland K. Michalek Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Ostrava, Czech Republic M. Warzecha University of Częstochowa, Faculty of Materials Processing Technology and Applied Physics, Częstochowa, Poland In the paper, results of a kinet...

Nanostructuring of drug delivery systems offers many promising applications like precise control of dissolution and release kinetics, enhanced activities, flexibility in terms of surface coatings, integration into implants, designing the appropriate scaffolds or even integrating into microelectronic chips etc. for different desired applications. In general such kind of structuring is difficult ...

Colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are recognized as promising candidates for next generation displays. QLEDs can be fabricated by low-cost solution processing except for the metal electrodes, which, in general, are deposited by costly vacuum evaporation. To be fully compatible with the low-cost solution process, we herein demonstrate vacuum-free and solvent-free fabrication of...

We present the detailed analyses of a model loop quantum Schwarzschild interior coupled to massless scalar field and extend results in our previous rapid communication arXiv:2006.08313 more general schemes. It is shown that spectrum black hole mass discrete does not contain zero. This indicates existence remnant after Hawking evaporation due gravity effects. Besides show stable vacuum case, dyn...

Supercooled water drops move spontaneously while freezing in vacuum. This self-propulsion phenomenon is caused by an enhanced evaporation rate from the frozen regions of drops. The evaporating molecules carry momentum, and acquire opposite same as rocket propulsion.