Preformulation studies on transdermal dosage forms involve liberal use of animal skin for assessing the permeation characteristics of drugs, influence of permeation enhancers, optimizing the formulation variables etc. The restricted availability of animal skin due to concerns regarding prevention of cruelty to animals has generated considerable interest in developing polymeric films for use as ...

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer used for food packaging. The effects of electron beam radiation on the chemical and physical properties amorphous PLA were studied. In this study, amorphous, racemic was irradiated at doses 5, 10, 15, 20 kGy in absence oxygen. Utilizing paramagnetic resonance spectrometry, it found that alkoxyl radicals are initially formed as result C-O-C bond...

A “stage-1” intercalated film has been made by the ion exchange of pyrrolidinium-functionalized C60 (C60(Py)n+) into centimeter-wide, micrometer-thick air-dried graphene oxide (G-O) films composed tens thousands layers stacked/overlapping G-O platelets, denoted [C60(Py)n+]G-O films. Spontaneous intercalation one layer C60(Py)n+ between adjacent expands interlayer spacing from 0.74 nm to 1.46 nm...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeation of the low-volatile solvent limonene through different disposable, unlined, unsupported, nitrile exam whole gloves (blue, purple, sterling, and lavender, from Kimberly-Clark). METHODS This study utilized a moving and static dextrous robot hand as part of a novel dynamic permeation system that allowed sampling at specific t...

Barrier films that are used on packages play an important role, especially in the protection of food products. Research is being carried out at accelerating pace to replace petroleum-based plastic films, which do not biodegrade and difficult recycle. This review article considers publications related use polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) barrier as a strategy decrease permeation oxygen other sub...

OBJECTIVES Microvascular invasion and microlymphatic permeation are indicators of microscopic tumour invasion into small vessels and have been considered to be powerful prognostic indicators for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several studies have suggested that these should be included in the TNM classification, but, there have been conflicting results regarding the prognostic impact of mi...

Synopsis The effect of several variables on the in vitro permeation of urea through hairless mouse skin has been studied in order to determine the causes of an increasing permeability phenomenon found in studies with a range of hydrophilic compounds. The permeation of urea increased for a period of approximately 100 h after which a steady state permeation pattern was observed for approximately ...

Swelling of graphene oxide (GO) membranes and bulk graphite under confinement conditions is found to produce pressures up ?220 bar. pressure important take into account in many applications GO membranes, but it has not been previously reported. are typically measured only for materials. However, demonstrated that even µm thick develop 3–25 bar due the volume expansion caused by swelling water. ...

• Copper lines in polymer-based redistribution layer oxidize harsh environments. Low temperature vapor deposited thin films used as barrier against copper oxidation. 8 nm thick shown to fully block oxidation during corrosion tests. Hybrid organic–inorganic and inorganic multilayer were using a combination of CVD ALD processes develop an ultra-thin prevent RDL technology. layers are known be eff...