Surface soil moisture is a key variable used to describe water and energy exchanges at the land surface/atmosphere interface. Passive microwave remotely sensed data have great potential for providing estimates of soil moisture with good temporal repetition on a daily basis and on a regional scale (f 10 km). However, the effects of vegetation cover, soil temperature, snow cover, topography, and ...

In this study, several methods to compute land surface temperatures (LST) from Landsat TM5 data are compared. Two different approaches are considered. An image based approach that takes into account atmospherically corrected data by using a dark object subtraction model (DOS-1) and computes the emissivity as NDVI function. The emissivity of a surface is controlled by such factors as water conte...

This study reports measurements of the skin surface temperature elevations during localized irradiation (94 GHz) of three species: rat (irradiated on lower abdomen), rhesus monkey (posterior forelimb), and human (posterior forearm). Two exposure conditions were examined: prolonged, low power density microwaves (LPM) and short-term, high power density microwaves (HPM). Temperature histories were...

calcium carbonate nano-particles were synthesized by a reverse micro-emulsion method at room temperature with tween® 80 and span® 80 as co-surfactants. the nano-particles synthesized were surface modified by stearic acid. an important operating variable in the span 80-tween 80/toluene/water reverse micro-emulsion system, the ω-value (water/surfactant molar ratio) was investigated. the material ...

Mean values of any observable variable are always calculated in a coherent state as in a mixed state because the coherent state is an eigenstate of non-Hermitian operator. Thus, we propose the concept of a coherent ensemble closely resemble the canonical ensemble. The entropy and temperature are naturally defined for the coherent ensemble. As an example, entropy and temperature are evaluated fo...

Cities are experiencing rapid population growth and consequently extensive urbanization. Land-use/land-cover change is one of the important elements worldwide, which significantly affect the environment. This study aims to describe the emergence of urban heat and cool islands as a result of changes in land-use/land-cover. Land surface temperature over a 32-year period in Isfahan city, Iran was ...

We summarize results of [1]. Among other things, they compute the first order expansion to the surface tension for all q−state Potts models at very low temperatures. Using this expansion, they determine the asymptotic shape of the Wulff crystal defined by the surface tension functional determined by an infinite volume Gibbs State at very low temperature. Their results are formulated in terms of...

The scaling trend of MOSFETs requires the supply and the threshold voltages to be reduced in future generations. Although the supply voltage is reduced, the total power dissipation and the static power of the chip are increased. Power dissipation is one of the limiting factors in achieving the highest performance of a chip. Therefore, new power reduction techniques are required. In this paper a...

Rising temperatures can influence the top-down control of plant biomass by increasing herbivore metabolic demands. Unfortunately, we know relatively little about the effects of temperature on herbivory rates for most insect herbivores in a given community. Evolutionary history, adaptation to local environments, and dietary factors may lead to variable thermal response curves across different sp...

effects of some thermo-physical parameters on free convective heat and mass transfer over a vertical stretching surface at lowest level of heat energy in the presence of suction is investigated. the viscosity of the fluid is assumed to vary as a linear function of temperature and thermal conductivity is assumed constant. a similarity transformation is applied to reduce the governing equations i...