BACKGROUND There is a limited evidence base to guide surgeons on the ideal thickness of skin flaps during mastectomy. Here the literature relevant to optimizing mastectomy skin flap thickness is reviewed, including anatomical studies, oncological considerations, factors affecting viability, and the impact of surgical technique and adjuvant therapies. METHODS A MEDLINE search was performed usi...

Background: Various factors involved in phaco can influence the tissue structures of eyeball Ultrasonic energy should be taken into consideration as a risk factor that may affect structure eyeball. Objective: To evaluate changes on macular thickness before and after phacoemulsification surgery with variable Phaco Times constant ‎power by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Patients methods: A...