Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the major water channel in the CNS. Its expression at fluid-tissue barriers (blood-brain and brain-cerebrospinal fluid barriers) throughout the brain and spinal cord suggests a role in water transport under normal and pathological conditions. Phenotype studies of transgenic mice lacking AQP4 have provided evidence for a role of AQP4 in cerebral water balance and neural sig...

BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of delayed cerebral injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is largely unresolved. In particular, the progression and interplay of tissue and perfusion changes, which can significantly affect the outcome, remain unclear. Only a few studies have assessed pathophysiological developments between subacute and chronic time points after SAH, which may be idea...

Leukotrienes are pharmacologically active compounds that promote vascular permeability. In this study we sought to determine whether tissue leukotriene-like immunoreactivity was increased in intracranial tumors associated with peritumoral edema. In 20 patients undergoing craniotomy tissue specimens were immediately frozen after removal and tissue leukotriene C4 levels were determined by radioim...

BACKGROUND Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction is a devastating condition, with up to 80% mortality in conservatively treated patients. The pathophysiology of this stroke is characterized by a large core of severe ischemia and only a relatively small rim of penumbra. Due to the fast development of irreversible morphological damage, cytotoxic edema occurs immediately in a large portion o...

J.L. Creasy, Dating Neurological Injury: A Forensic Guide for Radiologists, Other Expert Medical Witnesses, and Attorneys, DOI 10.1007/978-1-60761-250-6_2, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Abstract This chapter begins with a discussion of the terminology and hardware of computed tomographic (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and ultrasound (US) imaging. This includes an introduction to C...

This review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical description, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). HACE is an uncommon and sometimes fatal complication of traveling too high, too fast to high altitudes. HACE is distinguished by disturbances of consciousness that may progress to deep coma, psychiatric changes of varying degree, confusion, and ataxia...

The characteristics and mechanisms enabling the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to maintain the milieu of the brain have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (Banks and Kastin, 1987; Bradbury, 1985; Crone, 1986a, 1987; Cornford, 1985; Davson, 1976; Er­ misch et aI. , 1985; Fenstermacher, 1985; Gjedde, 1983; Goldstein and Betz, 1986; Meisenberg and Simmons, 1983; Oldendorf, 1974; Pardridge, 1983; Rapopor...

Brain primary tumors are among the most diverse and complex human cancers, and they are normally classified on the basis of the cell-type and/or the grade of malignancy (the most malignant being glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), grade IV). Glioma cells are able to migrate throughout the brain and to stimulate angiogenesis, by inducing brain capillary endothelial cell proliferation. This in turn ca...