Information that can be derived from an assessment of the jugular venous pulse includes determination of the mean venous pressure, venous pulse contour, and presence and type of cardiac dysrhythmias . The jugular venous pressure is usually assessed by observing the right side of the patient's neck. The normal mean jugular venous pressure, determined as the vertical distance above the midpoint o...

The calf muscle pump is a mechanism which increases venous return and thereby compensates for the fluid shift towards the lower body during standing. During a muscle contraction, the embedded deep veins collapse and venous return increases. In the subsequent relaxation phase, muscle perfusion increases due to increased perfusion pressure, as the proximal venous valves temporarily reduce the dis...

We have previously shown that intrasplenic fluid extravasation is important in controlling blood volume. We proposed that, because the splenic vein flows in the portal vein, portal hypertension would increase splenic venous pressure and thus increase intrasplenic microvascular pressure and fluid extravasation. Given that the rat spleen has no capacity to store/release blood, intrasplenic fluid ...

DURING the 11 years in which the clinical measurement of facility of outflow by means of tonography has been practised, various workers have sought to elucidate and correct the sources of error inherent in this method. One of the assumptions originally made concerning tonography was that the episcleral venous pressure was not disturbed during the measurement. Friedenwald (Grant, 1951) and Becke...

VENOUS obstruction is known to increase capillary pressure in the obstructed area. Most observers have believed that in the normal subject pressure in the large veins draining a part gives a good indication of the pressure distal to the venous ends of the capillaries and that, if the pressure in large veins is not elevated, changes in the venous system are not important in causing change in the...

• It is well known that capillary pressure depends to a considerable degree upon venous pressure. Bayliss and Starling pointed out the importance of this reationship in 1894, but few studies have dealt with its quantitative aspects. Krogh et al. found that capillary filtration in the human forearm was influenced greatly by venous pressure, although changes of the latter were quantitatively less...

Central venous catheterization is an imperative tool in the critically ill patient to administer fluids, medications and for monitoring the central venous pressure. This procedure is associated with a variety of complications, some of which can be life threatening. In this brief report, we are addressing one of the rare complications of central venous catheterization which is missing the guidew...

Spontaneous retinal venous pulsation is seen as a subtle variation in the calibre of the retinal vein(s) as they cross the optic disc. The physical principles behind the venous pulsations has been the point of much debate. Initial theories suggested that the pulsation occurred because of the rise in intraocular pressure in the eye with the pulse pressure. This article presents an argument that ...

We studied effects on venous return of aand /8-adrenergic agonists in anesthetized dogs. Blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae (venous return) was drained at the level of the tricuspid valve into a reservoir, from which blood was pumped into the right atrium at a constant rate. Isoproterenol infused into the ascending aorta or the right atrium increased the venous return and heart ra...