Definition of biogeographic provinces, patterns of species distributions on local and regional scales, species richness, and relative abundances are all basic ecological measures, yet they are largely unknown for deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Without an appreciation of biogeographic and biodiversity patterns, it is difficult to understand the evolutionary and ecological processes that ...

Efficient turbulent entrainment causes otherwise dense volcanic jets to rise high into the atmosphere as buoyant plumes. Classical models suggest that the inflow of air is 10–15% of the axial velocity, giving predictions for the height of the plume and, in turn, the composition and structure of the resulting umbrella clouds. Crucially, entrainment is assumed independent of source geometry and m...

Among the deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites discovered in the past 30 years, Lost City on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is remarkable both for its alkaline fluids derived from mantle rock serpentinization and the spectacular seafloor carbonate chimneys precipitated from these fluids. Despite high concentrations of reduced chemicals in the fluids, this unique example of a serpentinite-hosted hydro...

Entrainment of air by turbulent mixing plays a central role in the dynamics of eruption clouds; the amount of entrained air controls eruption styles and heights of eruption columns. The efficiency of entrainment is quantified by the entrainment coefficient: the ratio between mean inward radial velocity at the edge and the mean vertical velocity. We directly determined the entrainment coefficien...

polymerase (lane e), and Thermococcus litoralis-derived Vent@ DNA polymerase (lane f) synthesized poly d(A-T), while Pyrococcus sp・-derived PyrobestTM DNA polymerase (lane g) failed to synthesize poly d(A-T). ThoughBcaBESTTM DNA polymerase was known to have RT activity (including Takara's RT-PCR kit), the RT activities of KOD and Vent@ DNA polymerases have not been yet reported. It should be me...

Petrological, geochemical and Nd-isotopic analyses have been carried out on rock samples from the Rainbow vent field to assess the evolution of the hydrothermal system. The Rainbow vent field is an ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal system located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, characterized by vigorous high-temperature venting (~365ºC) and unique chemical composition of fluids: high chlorinity, low pH...

Infectious respiratory diseases are known to have high levels of airborne transmissibility. However, traditional ventilation methods based on perfect mixing often lead the diffusion pathogens. Multi-vent module-based adaptive (MAV) is a method designed meet needs different indoor scenes and reduce air mixing. MAV combines multiple groups multi-vent modules. The vent spacing single module also a...

This article introduces a novel technique to vent the femur and potentially decrease the embolic load created by reaming during intramedullary rod fixation of impending pathologic femur fractures. We used readily available operating room equipment to create a distal femoral vent hole without interfering with standard intramedullary instrumentation and with minimal increase in surgical time. Thi...

Few species of reptant decapod crustaceans thrive in the cold-stenothermal waters of the Southern Ocean. However, abundant populations of a new species of anomuran crab, Kiwa tyleri, occur at hydrothermal vent fields on the East Scotia Ridge. As a result of local thermal conditions at the vents, these crabs are not restricted by the physiological limits that otherwise exclude reptant decapods s...

We report on a systematic record of SO2 flux emissions from individual vents of Etna volcano (Sicily), which we obtained using a permanent UV camera network. Observations were carried out in summer 2014, a period encompassing two eruptive episodes of the New South East Crater (NSEC) and a fissure-fed eruption in the upper Valle del Bove. We demonstrate that our vent-resolved SO2 flux time serie...