Hyperactivation of CD4+ T cells is a hallmark of untreated HIV-1 infection. The antigenic specificities of activated CD4+ T cells and the underlying mechanisms leading to their activation remain thus far elusive. We report here that during HIV rebound the dynamics of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells is highly correlated with the dynamics of CD4+ T cells specific for persistent antigens derived from va...

The capacity of the antibody repertoire to recognize complex antigens on viral-infected cells was investigated at the level of monoclonal B cell responses. A majority of primary B cells responsive to PR8(H1N1)-infected H-2 syngeneic cells produced antibody that bound viral determinants only in the context of infected cells and not the isolated virion. An examination of the fine specificity of s...

Heritable susceptibility of the autoimmune disorder, type 1 diabetes (T1D), only partially equates for the incidence of the disease. Significant evidence attributes several environmental stressors, such as vitamin D deficiency, gut microbiome, dietary antigens, and most notably virus infections in triggering the onset of T1D in these genetically susceptible individuals. Extensive epidemiologica...

Two antigenic systems of the woodchuck hepatitis virus have been identified. The relationship between viral antigens of the woodchuck hepatitis virus and the human hepatitis B virus was determined by using immunoprecipitation, hemagglutination, and immune electron microscopy techniques. Antigens found on the cores of the two viruses were cross-reactive. Lack of cross-reactivity between the surf...

BACKGROUND This work demonstrates successful propagation of HCV in HepG2 and human blood cells as well as viral shedding into their culture media. The influence of Schistosoma mansoni crude soluble egg antigens (SEA) on the rate of viral propagation in both mammalian cells was also monitored. METHODOLOGY HepG2 cells were inoculated with HCV viremic human sera and some wells were exposed to HC...

Sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis regularly contain inhibitors of complement fixation (CF) to antigen-antibody complexes (Heimer and Levin, 1965). Removal of rheumatoid factor (RF) by absorption of sera with heat-aggregated human y-globulin resulted in a higher number of positives and a rise in CF antibody titre against antigens from herpes simplex, mumps, and morbilli viruses (Stanf...

We demonstrate here: (a) the existence of T helper (Th) cells that augment the generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro, (b) that the helper cells carry the theta and Ly 1 membrane antigens, (c) that activation of the Th effect is specific for viral antigens, and (d) that the delivery of help is not H-2 restricted.

Cross-presentation is important for regulating T-cell responses to exogenous antigens and can maintain tolerance (cross-tolerance) or induce immune responses (cross-priming). Recent exciting results on the role of the Toll-like receptor TLR3 in promoting cross-priming of viral antigens provide new insights into the mechanisms that allow Toll-like receptor signaling to bridge innate and adaptive...

The present invention provides a method for the manufacture of a preparation comprising virus antigens comprising a) inoculation of cells with infectious virus in a fluid, b) propagation of said virus in said cells, c) collecting said propagated virus, d) inactivating said collected virus, and e) treating said inactivated virus with a detergent, resulting in a preparation comprising viral antig...