While fully agreeing with Mr Cudmore that orchidopexy at 2 years of age is a difficult procedure and that the majority of orchidopexies are carried out by general surgeons or, unfortunately, delegated to a junior member of the team, the clinical and experimental evidence supporting orchidopexy at around the age of 2 years is overwhelming. The optimal age for orchidopexy cited in the annotation ...

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is rarely reported in South America. In spite of the fact that there are many reports about the association of visceral leishmaniasis and AIDS, PKDL is very uncommon in HIV-positive patients, and so far only four cases have been documented in the literature. We present another case with unusual clinicopathological aspects. The patient, a 28-year-old ma...

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne parasitic disease targeting tissue macrophages. It is among the most neglected infectious diseases. Classical manifestations of VL include chronic fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Most cases can be detected through serologic and molecular testing. Although therapy has historically relied on antimonials, newer therapeutic options include ...

Background and Objectives: Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic disease in Africa and Asia, children under 5 years are affecting with L.infantum and older children and young adult with L.donovani Purpose of this study describes the characteristics of epidemiologic and clinicopathophysiologic and response to treatment of patient that affected in East Azarbaijan compared with other endemic areas ...

visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly parasitic disease that is transmitted via the bite of a female sand fly, phlebotomus argentipes. the highest burden of this disease is in northern india. in 2005, india embarked on an initiative with ne­pal, bangladesh, and the world health organization to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis by 2015. with the goal of 1 case in 10,000 people still unmet, it is pru...

Sera from 35 patients suffering from Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania donovani infantum) and 59 patients with various forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalent in the sub-Mediterranean countries (caused by Leishmania major, L. donovani infantum, or Leishmania tropica) were tested by immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with both membrane and so...

Leishmaniasis is a family of infectious diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of sandflies. The geographical distribution of Leishmaniasis is tied in to the abundance of sandflies, their life cycle, and the presence of the parasite reservoirs. The World Health Organization classifies Leishmaniasis as a neglected disease affecting the poorest commu...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the determinants for the occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis linked to the conditions of vulnerability. METHODS This is an ecological study, whose spatial analysis unit was the Territorial Analysis Unit in Araguaína, State of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2007 to 2012. We have carried out an analysis of the sociodemographic and urban infrastructure situation of the munic...

Asymptomatic human visceral leishmaniasis was identified in Israel by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive serum samples were more prevalent in visceral leishmaniasis-endemic (2.97%) compared to nonendemic (1.01%) regions (p=0.021). Parasite exposure was higher than expected, despite the small number of clinical cases, suggesting factors other than infection per se influence cli...

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection is recognized as a major public health challenge in Africa, data regarding the prevalence in India are very limited. Consecutive HIV screening of 2077 patients aged ≥14 years with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, eastern India, found that 5.6% were HIV positive, including 2.4% with newly diagnosed HIV i...