Lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualālai volcanoes are a major volcanic hazard that could impact the western portion of the island of Hawai‘i (e.g., Kona). The most recent eruptions of these two volcanoes to affect Kona occurred in a.d. 1950 and ca. 1800, respectively. In contrast, in eastern Hawai‘i, eruptions of neighboring Kı̄lauea volcano have occurred frequently since 1955, and therefore have...

Observations from the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean have shown that volcanic eruptions (particularly explosive ones) can generate internal waves in the atmosphere that can be observed by microbarographs at ground level. It is possible that observations of such waves may give early information about volcanic eruptions when other methods are unavailable (because of bad weather, nocturnal ...

[1] Historic records and research have suggested that the 1783–1784 eruption of the Laki fissure volcano in Iceland impactedNorthernHemisphere climate significantly, probably as a result of the direct injection of volcanic materials into the stratosphere where the volcanic aerosols would linger for years to cause surface cooling across the Northern Hemisphere. However, recent modeling work indi...