We evaluated the impact of modelling intra-subject variability on the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the Wald test based on non-linear mixed effects models in pharmacokinetic interaction and bioequivalence cross-over trials. These tests were previously found to achieve a good power but an inflated type I error when intra-subject variability was not taken into account. Trials were simulated und...

BACKGROUND We have observed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is increasingly being used to evaluate whether a novel predictor should be incorporated in a multivariable model to predict risk of disease. Frequently, investigators will approach the issue in two distinct stages: first, by testing whether the new predictor variable is significant in a multivariab...

Spatial adequacy and capital formation are impactful macro factors in achieving economic sustainability; therefore, offering a conducive ambiance for foreign investors entices them to the technology mobilization host economy. The purpose of study is highlight nexus innovation-led FDI BRIC nations from 1990–2019. has implemented several econometric techniques establish empirical nexus, including...

Growing energy demand but stagnant production followed by volatile exchange rate leads Pakistan to imbalances and potential economic contraction. Yet, studies on sectoral imports are limited inconclusive without accessing the asymmetric effect of currency fluctuations. We examine impacts Pakistani rupee volatility monthly based nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) estimations. Augme...

This paper provides three measures of the uncertainty associated to an impulse response path: (1) conditional confidence bands which isolate the uncertainty of individual response coefficients given the temporal path experienced up to that point; (2) response percentile bounds which provide bounds on the universe of permissible paths at a given probability level; and (3) Wald tests of joint sig...

In this paper, we investigate how people use mental simulations: do people vary the number of simulations that they run in order to optimally balance speed and accuracy? We combined a model of noisy physical simulation with a decision making strategy called the sequential probability ratio test, or SPRT (Wald, 1947). Our model predicted that people should use more samples when it is harder to m...

Heidi Wald, a professor at the CU School of Medicine who helped run the study, said the results come with caveats. The project didn’t have a control group, so it did not measure whether opioid use also dipped at hospitals that did not participate in the program. The results presented Thursday also did not include measurements of patient satisfaction, which would reveal whether the alternatives ...

This study examines the nexus between oil prices (Oil) and economic output (IIP) asymmetrically in Indian context using quarterly data from 1996–1997:Q1 to 2019–2020:Q4. To this end, we have used a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The main findings of are as follows—firstly, Wald test confirms nonlinearities among negative positive shocks Oil, EX IR long run. Secondly, NA...

The study’s motivation is to gauge the impact of financial innovation on economic growth from 2004M1 2018M12 in India and Pakistan’s economy with mediating role policy uncertainty. For instituting possible association between innovations, uncertainty, study considered both symmetric asymmetric frameworks following autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) nonlinear ARDL (NARDL). Furthermore, cau...