Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and its components is critical to developing a better understanding of climate, hydrology, and vegetation coverage conditions for areas of interest. A hybrid dual-source (H-D) model incorporating the strengths of the two-layer and two-patch schemes was proposed to estimate actual ET processes by considering varying vegetation coverage patterns and ...

Throughout this brief note all groups are assumed to be abelian p-primary, written additively as is customary when regarding the group structure. Since we shall deal exclusively only with p-torsion abelian groups, for some arbitrary but a fixed prime p, there should be no confusion in future removing the phrase ”is an abelian p-group”. Concerning the terminology, under the term a separable grou...

While many organisations are gearing up to celebrate the double evolution anniversary next year — 150 years since the first publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and 200 years since his birth — an event of major significance has its 150 anniversary this year but is set to receive little public celebration. By 1858 Darwin was well-established in his home at Down House in Kent and dee...

Since the late 1940s, annual average temperatures over the northwestern part of North America have increased by approximately 1°–2°C, with most pronounced warming in winter and spring (Karl et al. 1993; Dettinger et al. 1995; Lettenmaier et al. 1994; Vincent et al. 1999). Largest increases occurred in March over western Canada and the interior Northwest of the United States (Fig. 1). While this...

In Skinner’s (1957) analysis of verbal behavior, the tact and mand are suggested to be functionally independent verbal operants. Many studies evaluating the verbal operants have provided results consistent with Skinner’s notion of functional independence. For example, previous studies have yielded results showing that responses taught as tacts failed to emerge as mands unless they were directly...

For any point xEX, we denote by HXEG the isotropy subgroup of G at xEX. The group G will be a compact Lie group. The space X is assumed to be locally compact, locally connected, finite dimensional and separable metric. We shall use the Alexander-Wallace-Spanier cohomology groups. A subscript c will denote cohomology with compact supports. The coefficient ring J will denote either the integers Z...

Minimum Message Length (MML) is a popular method for statistical inference, belonging to the Minimum Description Length (MDL) family. It is a general name for any of several computationally-feasible approximations to the generally NP-Hard Strict Minimum Message Length (SMML) estimator. One often-cited showcase for the power of MML is the Neyman-Scott estimation problem, where most popular estim...

Citation patterns in many academic disciplines have displayed a pattern of connections similar to those observed in many other different real-world contexts, such as links on the world-wide web. The various models that have been proposed to generate such networks, generically called "preferential attachment models", rely solely on random link formation and copying and do not take into account r...

Citation patterns in many academic disciplines have displayed a pattern of connections similar to those observed in many other different real-world contexts, such as links on the world-wide web. The various models that have been proposed to generate such networks, generically called "preferential attachment models", rely solely on random link formation and copying and do not take into account r...

This paper develops a model of intermediation in search environment with complete information and explains the optimal choice of the size of a middleman in an economy with an arbitrary finite number of goods. The model with linear storage cost predicts the existence of stationary equilibrium with the same number of shelves in every store and uniform distribution of agents over states. The effic...