The aim of this study was to estimate the costs and the health benefits of the following interventions: increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation facilities, increasing access to in house piped water and sewerage connection, and providing household water treatment, in ten WHO sub-regions. The cost-effectiveness of each intervention was assessed in terms of US dollars per disabil...

We model long-run electricity supply and demand for the western United States. We evaluate the costs of carbon-reducing and water-conserving scenarios. Carbon-reducing scenarios become cost-effective at carbon prices of $50–70 per ton CO2. Water-conserving scenarios are only cost-effective above $4000/acre-foot of water. Electricity planning is central to climate policy, but much less so to wat...

Measurements of atmospheric temperature, pressure, water vapor, and composition are important to users in the Earth science, defense, and intelligence communities. Nanosatellites (with mass < 10 kg, such as CubeSats) can support miniaturized instruments for atmospheric sounding and characterization. Nanosatellite constellations can improve spatial and temporal weather sensor coverage of Earth a...

Water resources suitability is one of the most important factors to sustainabilityutilization of natural potential by rangeland grazing suitability. To determine this factor inshort time, low cost and high accuracy are most challenges of experts and ranchers. Usingsuitable technique for this subject can be sustainable utilization comprising from rangelandecosystems according to its degradation ...

The present work starts from the definition of concept “human right to water and sanitation” (HRWS). Then, it delimits its content, in a strict sense, finally argue that is an autonomous subjective right. In other words, immediate applicability, which means binds both State private sector—that is, public or supply sanitation companies. Therefore, there minimum cannot be denied anyone, especiall...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and quantify the economic benefits attributable to improvements in water supply and sanitation in rural India. METHODS We combined propensity-score "pre-matching" and rich pre-post panel data on 9500 households in 242 villages located in four geographically different districts to estimate the economic benefits of a large-scale community demand-driven water supply program...

BACKGROUND Although community water fluoridation (CWF) results in a range of potential contaminant exposures, little attention has been given to many of the possible impacts. A central argument for CWF is its cost-effectiveness. The U.S. Government states that $1 spent on CWF saves $38 in dental treatment costs. OBJECTIVE To examine the reported cost-effectiveness of CWF. METHODS Methods an...