in this report, experimental investigation of waste water treatment by reverse osmosis to enable its reuse in cooling tower is presented. a polyamide spiral wound ro membrane followed by three filters as ro pretreatment (two activated carbon and one cartridge filter) and samples of tehran refinery treated waste water have been used. the effect of operating conditions such as pressure difference...

Although small, rural water supplies may present elevated microbial risks to consumers in some settings, characterizing exposures through representative point-of-consumption sampling is logistically challenging. In order to evaluate the usefulness of consumer self-reported data in predicting measured water quality and risk factors for contamination, we compared matched consumer interview data w...