Acquisition of waterborne disease is a substantial risk for international travelers to countries with inadequate sanitation facilities. It also poses smaller but still significant risks for wilderness travelers who rely on surface water in developed countries with low rates of diarrheal illness, such as the United States. This article reviews the etiology and risks associated with waterborne di...

Waterborne colloidal polymer coatings are widely used in architectural and agricultural applications where they subject to challenging environments, such as extremes of temperatures relative humidities (RH). This research investigates the effects adding two common co-formulants, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) xanthan gum (XG), waterborne composite these environments. The mechanical properties resulti...

Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 7, No. 3 Supplement, June 2001 544 Waterborne Disease Outbreaks In the United States, 127 drinking water outbreaks, most of them associated with groundwater systems, were reported to CDC from 1990 through 1998. The number of outbreaks has declined over the last 20 years, probably as a result of actions by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), water ut...

The influence of increasing the SiO2/K2O molar ratio on the electrochemical action of a waterborne potassium silicate zinc-rich coating was investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and corrosion potential (Ecorr) measurements. The EIS results showed that increasing the SiO2/K2O molar ratio in the range of 3.135 to 5 by the addition of nano-SiO2 to the resins improve...

We use mathematically rigorous definitions of epidemiological concepts in order to derive a sequential combinatorial model of disease outbreak decomposition. We define the idea of a population specific 'disease signature' and use this in order to decompose and further understand outbreaks as incidents of spatial and temporal spread of disease exposure both in, and across, populations. This allo...

BACKGROUND Recent public attention on drinking water supplies in the aftermath of waterborne infection outbreaks in Walkerton and North Battleford raises questions about safety. We analyzed information on waterborne outbreaks occurring between 1974 and 2001 in order to identify apparent trends, review the current status of monitoring and reporting, and gain a better understanding of the impact ...

Abstract Food- or waterborne diseases in long-term care facilities (LTCF) can result in serious outcomes, including deaths, and they are potentially preventable. We analyzed data collected by OzFoodNet on food- and waterborne disease outbreaks occurring in LTCF in Australia from 2001 to 2008. We compared outbreaks by the number of persons affected, etiology, and implicated vehicle. During 8 yea...

The present study investigated both the effects of cadmium on the social interactions of rainbow trout and the differential accumulation of waterborne cadmium among social ranks of fish. Fish exposed to waterborne cadmium concentrations of 2 microg l(-1) for 24 h, followed by a 1, 2 or 3 day depuration period in clean water, had a decreased ability to compete with non-exposed fish. However, the...

In 1997, a compulsory notification system for waterborne outbreaks was introduced in Finland. The main aim of this notification is to obtain immediate information on suspected waterborne outbreaks in order to restrict and manage the outbreak promptly. During the past ten years, there have been 67 waterborne outbreaks in Finland, mainly associated with small groundwater supplies or private wells...