The availability of nutrients and water are two things that essential for the development plants. Future oil palm agriculture will require a strategy management because erratic nature weather. addition organic matter, such as vermicompost, is one addressing issue insufficient supplies. primary objective this study to investigate relationship between seedlings' exposure vermicompost various leve...

epizoochory and endozoochory are well-known mechanisms by which seeds are dispersed by animals. since, livestock gather around the watering-points to rest and drink, we expected to find that seeds would be frequently moved to the areas surrounding watering-points, resulting a higher soil seed density (and diversity) closest to the water. we investigated this issue by assessing soil seed bank de...