Contrary to the popular view that the U.S. welfare system has been in a contractionary phase after the expansions of the welfare state in the 1960s, welfare spending resumed steady growth after a pause in the 1970s. However, although aggregate spending is higher than ever, there have been redistributions away from non-elderly and nondisabled families to families with older adults and to familie...

The element-free Galerkin method is employed for two-dimensional analysis of steady-state heat transfer. The unknown response of the system, i.e. temperature is approximated using the moving least squares technique. Numerical integration of governing simultaneous system of equations is performed by Gauss quadrature and new modified nodal integration techniques. Numerical examples and tests have...

This paper presents a contractual framework to investigate the dynamic relation between income inequality and occupational choice in an overlapping generations model. Depending on the natures of equilibrium loan contracts, ex ante expected utilities (or average lifetime incomes) of different occupations in economy are not equal and such inequality persists in the long run. This result is, in co...

We construct a dynamic general equilibrium model to analyze the effects of large energy subsidies in a small open economy. The model pays special attention to domestic energy production and consumption, trade in energy at world market prices, as well as private and public sector production including the provision of public infrastructure. The model is calibrated to data from Egypt and then used...

this paper undertakes the synthesis of a logic-based switching h2/h∞ state-feedback controller for continuous-time lti singular perturbation systems. our solution achieves a minimum bound on the h2 performance level, while also satisfying the h∞ performance requirements. the proposed hybrid control scheme is based on a fuzzy supervisor managing the combination of two controllers. a convex lmi-b...

The method of matched asymptotic expansions, which has been used in previous studies of steady natural convection flow, is extended here to transient natural convection flow at high Prandtl number (Pr). Second-order expansion solutions, valid for large Prandtl numbers, are presented for the transient natural convection flow near a vertical surface which undergoes a step change in temperature. T...

This study employs an overlapping generations model to analyze the effect of public pension levels on economic variables when labor supply elderly is determined endogenously. paper focuses effects a funded scheme economy as well pay-as-you-go (PAYG) scheme. First, impact expansion pensions capital–labor ratio analyzed. It shown that increases ratio, which contrasted with fact PAYG neutral ratio...

Twenty-four commercial loads of beef calves (BW 300 ± 52 kg, mean ± SD) were evaluated for associations among transportation factors, in-transit microclimate, and calf welfare. Transport factors evaluated included vehicle speed, space allowance, compartment within trailer, and transit duration. Calves were transported for 7 h 44 min ± 4 h 15 min, with space allowances ranging from 0.56 to 1.17 ...