A conceptual analysis is offered that differentiates four types of motivation for community involvement: egoism, altruism, collectivism, and principlism. Differentiation is based on identification of a unique ultimate goal for each motive. For egoism, the ultimate goal is to increase one’s own welfare; for altruism, it is to increase the welfare of another individual or individuals; for collect...

In defense of the sprawling, low-density development which increasingly characterizes modern cities, Gordon and Richardson (1986, 1996) argue that the urban spatial structure generated by market forces reflects the will of the people. Planners, in contrast, typically have little faith in either the efficiency or equity of market-determined outcomes, and advocate detailed land use planning. To e...

Previous studies have shown that egalitarianism maximizes expected social welfare in a contractarian original position with equally likely risk-averse agent tastes. The present paper characterizes agents by subsistence needs as well as by tastes, allows infinitely many possible need and taste profiles, and weakens the requirement that all possibilities be perceived as equally likely. Surplus-eg...

This article is concerned with William Shakespeare’s famous farce play The Taming of the Shrew and its Persian adaptation as an Iranian film called Gorbe ra dame Hejleh Mikoshand in 1969. The point that informs the inquiry is the way the film departs and differs from the play in relation to the issue of women within the patriarchal society. The play and the film will be examined separately in d...

eucalyptus species are cultivated in homogeneous plantations in brazil, mainly to supply woodfor the cellulose and steel industries, which favors the establishment of insect pests. the objective was todetermine the geographical distribution and structure abundance of lepidoptera defoliators of eucalypt.primary pest species of eucalypt of the order lepidoptera were found in all areas sampled and...

privatization advocates believe that transfer to private sector increases firm’s performance and value, business environment, and therefore economic growth and welfare improves. in this research, by using the 70 accepted firms in the tehran stock exchange for the period of 2005 to 2009, we investigate the effect of firm’s ownership structure on their value by applying generalized method of mome...