Wireless telecommunications started as an offshoot of wireline telephony and with the absence of global standards resulted in regional standardization. Two major mobile telecommunication standards have dominated the global wireless market, namely, TDMA/CDMA developed by TIA in North America and GSM developed by ETSI in Europe. As we move toward 3 generation wireless, there is a need to develop ...

Over the past decade, the move to recognise excellence in universities has been reflected in increasing attention being paid to university league tables. Without doubt, these have influenced the behaviour of universities, governments, funding agencies, academics and students. Hazelkorn (2010) illustrated this with the results from an international survey. Almost twothirds of higher education le...

Institutional investors, primarily pension funds, drive global financial markets. The result is investors vulnerable to the risks companies face in global consumer and capital markets. Though some market risks are inevitable, others, such as reputation risk, can be mitigated through increased corporate social and environmental standards and the increased transparency that such higher standards ...

In 2009, the World Health Organization published a document proposing global standards for the initial education of professional nurses and midwives, and noted that although nearly 35 million nurses and midwives make up the largest cadre of health care workers globally, they are rarely involved in high level decision-making and policy development (1). The development of the standards addressed ...

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Voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs) in global production networks (GPNs) have grown significantly prominence. Existing research largely assumed that VSSs create linear upgrading outcomes for all GPN actors and has studied from the point of adoption GPNs, rather than a broader range stages their lifecycle. To address these limitations, building on literature around power agency we develop ...

BACKGROUND Since the global standards for postgraduate medical education (PGME) were published in January 2003, they have gained worldwide attention. The current state of residency training programs in medical-school-affiliated hospitals throughout China was assessed in this study. METHODS Based on the internationally recognized global standards for PGME, residents undergoing residency traini...

With increasing globalization and loosely-coupled business relations between different companies, the importance of information exchange standards is increasing. GS1’s Electronic Product Code Information Services (EPCIS) is currently one of the main standards proposed for inter-organizational data exchange for track and trace purposes in the supply chain. However, despite its strong industrial ...