The laser heating of a plasma with constant density is analyzed using optimal control theory. Heating strategies that minimize the total energy spent, the heating time, or a linear combination of the two, for several values of weighting coelficients, are obtained by determining the optimal laser intensity associated with each point of the phase plane. A numerical example is used to illustrate t...

Reduction of the 6-dimensional phase-space of a muon beam by several orders of magnitude is a key requirement for a Muon Collider. Recently, a 12-stage rectilinear ionization cooling channel has been proposed to achieve that goal. The channel consists of a series of low frequency (325 MHz-650 MHz) normal conducting pillbox cavities, which are enclosed with thin beryllium windows (foils) to incr...

In an ideal platform for camouflage compatible cooling, the thermal emitter should be a spectrally selective antenna to radiate its heat buildup without being detected by cameras. Moreover, keep visual appearance and minimize solar induced heating, structure visibly transparent. this Letter, achieve visually invisible mid-infrared (MIR) camouflage-cooling feature, metasurface design based on in...

This paper analyzes whether taxation can be successfully used to reduce the incidence of labor informality and achieve higher equality in a globalized economy. To this purpose, it develops two-area model: developed country an emerging country. The two areas differ according size informal sector, which is characterized by more flexible market lower productivity. illustrate potential role achievi...

A novel aspect of this design comes from using the windows on the rf cavity as the cooling absorbers. This is possible because the near constant β function does not significantly increase the emittance heating at the window location. The window consists of a 1 cm thickness of LiH with a 75μm layer of Be on the rf cavity field side and, 25μm layer of Be on the opposite side. (The Be will, in tur...

In-situ powder neutron diffraction studies have been performed during the heating treatment of a set of Nb3Sn wires obtained by the internal tin process. The different phases appearing during the process have been evidenced. A strong reorientation of the deformed copper and niobium metals induces an orientation on the Nb3Sn formed. Among the phases formed, the δ-CuSn phase is decomposed at 890K...

Workplace violence in health care settings is an occupational issue concerning nurses and other health care professionals. Patient aggression against nurses is often the most common form of violence in clinical settings, occurring in emergency departments, inpatient psychiatric settings, and nursing homes. Physical and verbal assaults are the major forms of workplace violence encountered by nur...

Smart Homes have become firmly established as an active research area with potential for huge social and economic benefits. The concept of a Smart Home refers to the enrichment of a living environment with technology in order to offer improved habitual support to its inhabitants and therefore an improved quality of life for them. In this article we purport how advances from the device and techn...