We present eecient, optimal algorithms for timing optimization by discrete wire sizing and buuer insertion. Our algorithms are able to minimize a cost function subject to given timing constraints; we focus on minimization of dynamic power dissipation, but the algorithm is also easily adaptable to, for example, area minimization. In addition, the algorithm eeciently computes the complete, optima...

Design of litz-wire windings subject to cost constraints is analyzed. An approximation of normalized cost is combined with analysis of proximity effect losses to find combinations of strand number and diameter that optimally trade off cost and loss. The relationship between wire size, normalized cost, and normalized loss is shown to have a general form that applies to a wide range of designs. A...

PURPOSE To develop a technique for intravascular magnetic resonance (MR)-guided balloon angioplasty with use of an MR imaging guide wire. MATERIALS AND METHODS An MR imaging guide wire (0.6-mm loopless antenna) that could be placed within a balloon catheter was manufactured. The guide wire was expected to function as either an MR receiver probe in real-time MR imaging or a guide wire for use ...

Abstract Antenna problem is a phenomenon of plasma induced gate oxide degradation. It directly affects manufacturability of VLSI circuits, especially in deep-submicron technology using high density plasma. Diode insertion is a very effective way to solve this problem. Ideally diodes are inserted directly under the wires that violate antenna rules. But in today’s high-density VLSI layouts, there...

In virtual surgery of minimally invasive vascular intervention, the force feedback is transmitted through the flexible guide wire. The disturbance caused by the flexible deformation would affect the fidelity of the VR (virtual reality) training. SMC (sliding mode control) strategy with delayed-output observer is adopted to suppress the effect of flexible deformation. In this study, the control ...

This paper presents a pair of improved stochastic wiring distribution models for better estimation of on-chip wire-lengths. The proposed models provide 28% 50% reduction in error when estimating the average on-chip wire length compared to the estimation using existing models. The impact of Rent’s exponent on the average wire length estimation is also investigated to demonstrate limitations of t...

An interaction of a negatively biased wire with a monolayer lattice of negatively charged particles has been studied experimentally. The particles levitated at the height of the wire in a sheath of an rf discharge. It was found that the particles close to the wire were repelled from it electrostatically, while the far particles were attracted due to the drag of the ion flow deflected toward the...

The reflection, transmission and absorbance spectra of silicon nanowire arrays (NWAs), as a function of the length of the nanowires, are investigated in a wavelength range of 15 mm , l , 200 mm, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in vacuum. The NWAs are fabricated using metal-assisted electroless chemical etching. The wire length is varied between 20 mm and 140 mm, which is of the sa...

During the past two years, fine pitch copper wire bonding has finally entered high volume production. It is estimated that nearly 15% of all wire bonders used in production are now equipped for copper wire bonding. Most of these are used exclusively for copper wire bonding. In terms of pitch, copper wire is only barely lagging behind the most advanced gold applications. The most commonly used c...

High engineering critical current density JE of > 500A/mm 2 at 20T and 4.2K can be regularly achieved in Ag-sheathed multifilamentary Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) round wire when the sample length is several centimeters. However, JE(20T) in Bi-2212 wires of several meters length, as well as longer pieces wound in coils, rarely exceeds 200A/mm. Moreover, long-length wires often exhibit signs of Bi-22...