The advanced wireless sensor networks constitute one of the promising application areas of the recently developed wireless sensor networking techniques. It contains two parts: the terrestrial wireless sensor networks (WSN) and the underground wireless sensor networks (WUSN). The main difference between the hybrid WSN and the conventional wireless sensor networks is the aspect of WUSN, which com...

Clustering is one of the most popular approaches used in wireless sensor networks to conserve energy and increase node as well as network lifetime. LEACH is among the most popular clustering protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential c...