The purpose of this article is to examine phase-differences in the patterns of actors involved in decision making. Two phases are distinguished, the negotiating phase, and the decision-making phase. During the first phase the agent’s primary goal is to influence the policy position of other agents, whereas during the second phase the agent’s goal is to find a solution (especially if there is a ...

Donor_s demand equations for alternative forms of aid are derived for three allocation processes: noncooperative Nash-Cournot, cooperative Lindahl, and bureaucratic. Based on OECD data for official development assistance for 1970– 2001, we apply non-nested tests to distinguish between Nash-Cournot and Lindahl reduced-form equations for 15 major donor nations. Noncooperative Nash-Cournot behavio...

South African popular movement analysts and activists participating in African and international civil society meetings on the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other multilateral institutions, such as the IMF and the World Bank, are frequently faced with troubled and troubling questions about the position that the South African government has taken, and what is seen to be the highly questiona...

In last week's issue, we wrote about the recent study of telehealth services for substance use disorder (SUD) treatment in Psychiatric Services (see “Telehealth effectiveness addiction; Jury is still out,” ADAW , Oct. 18, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adaw.33227 ). A comment from National Association Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP) that came too late press shows many pr...

In this article the use of steganography and watermarking for the realization of multilateral security in IT systems is outlined. The evolution of both technologies is still in its infancy. Their further development will allow their use to protect the goals of several participants in a communication relationship. The procedures which are used to meet different requirements are described. The em...