The fixation of CO₂ into living matter sustains all life on Earth, and embeds the biosphere within geochemistry. The six known chemical pathways used by extant organisms for this function are recognized to have overlaps, but their evolution is incompletely understood. Here we reconstruct the complete early evolutionary history of biological carbon-fixation, relating all modern pathways to a sin...

Wood is a naturally renewable material with both continuous and isolated pore systems. Wood-composite panels have the privilege of offering a homogeneous structure to be used as constructional and structural materials. However, its nature makes it susceptible to biological wood-deteriorating agents, water absorption and thickness swelling, fire, etc. Using nano-materials are very easy in the wo...

Today, tree plantations play a crucial role in supplying wood and wood-based products. They supply almost half of global demand, as well supporting diversity ecosystem services. In tropical subtropical areas, where growth is optimum large tracts land are available, forest restoration presented one the most effective strategies for climate change mitigation. For these reasons, large-scale being ...

Wood is a naturally renewable material with both continuous and isolated pore systems. Wood-composite panels have the privilege of offering a homogeneous structure to be used as constructional and structural materials. However, its nature makes it susceptible to biological wood-deteriorating agents, water absorption and thickness swelling, fire, etc. Using nano-materials are very easy in the wo...

The objective of this study was to analyse the feasibility of adopting renewable energy technologies such as Solar PV systems and improved wood-fuel stoves in rural households and the role of such technologies on sustainable energy use and rural development in Tanzania. To reach this objective, the study analysed the current status of energy supply and energy use in rural Tanzania. Furthermore,...

In this research, the effect of wood species and particle size on mechanicalproperties of wood plastic composites (WPC) made of fir (Abies alba) and beech(Fagus orientalis L.) sawdust and high density polyethylene (HDPE) wereinvestigated. Wood plastic composite (WPC) were made with 30% HDPE in abatch process at 185˚C, at two particle sizes of 40 mesh and 80 mesh. Maleicanhydride polypropylene (...

Background and Purpose: Inhalation of hardwood dust may produce a range of adverse health effects in the upper and lower respiratory system, including asthma, along with Sino-nasal cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer. This study was carried out to evaluate personal exposure to wood dust among workers in chipboard and furniture production saloons in Neka Choob factory, Iran. Materials a...

Here, we show that the most basic features of tree and forest architecture can be put on a unifying theoretical basis, which is provided by the constructal law. Key is the integrative approach to understanding the emergence of "designedness" in nature. Trees and forests are viewed as integral components (along with dendritic river basins, aerodynamic raindrops, and atmospheric and oceanic circu...

CPFR has been implemented successfully in hundreds of enterprises in order to overcome forecasting and replenishment problems relating to the supply chain. Until now only two companies in Taiwan have the experience to implement CPFR according to the records of the VICS. This paper proposes a methodology of how to implement CPFR and takes a mechanical wood carving industry as a case study. In re...

AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of two spray-based decontamination methods for surface contamination reduction and to determine the potential for contamination spread by these methods. METHODS AND RESULTS Material coupons (treated plywood and concrete) were contaminated with c. 1 × 10(7) spores of Bacillus atrophaeus by aerosol deposition. Decontaminants (pH-adjusted bleach or Spor-Klenz(®...