Currently, there is still hard work going on, but the income not adequate. Therefore, it necessary to show scientifically that working does need be tired, with an ergonomic system, productivity increases.
 This paper made from various books or literature and analyzed discussed descriptively.
 Conclusion: first, at work, tool must made, so enough use body energy of 5.0 kcal/hour 5.2 kc...

This paper develops an equilibrium search model to explain gender asymmetry in occupational distribution. Workers’ utility depends on salary and working hours, and women have a greater aversion to market hours than men. Simulations indicate that women crowd into shorter-hour, lower-paying jobs than men. If employers discriminate against women, offers are tailored more toward men’s preferences; ...

In September 2008 new regulations for managing heavy vehicle driver fatigue entered into force in Australia. According to the new regulations there is a chain of responsibility ranging from drivers to dispatchers and shippers and thus, carriers must explicitly consider driving and working hour regulations when generating truck driver schedules. This paper presents and studies the Australian Tru...

Extending the work of Card and Krueger, we find minimum-wage increases (1988– 2003) did not affect poverty rates overall, or among the working poor or among single mothers. Despite employment growth among single mothers, most gainers lived in nonpoor families and most working poor already had wages above the proposed minimums. Simulating a new federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour, we find 87%...

BACKGROUND Global climate change is already increasing the average temperature and direct heat exposure in many places around the world. OBJECTIVES To assess the potential impact on occupational health and work capacity for people exposed at work to increasing heat due to climate change. DESIGN A brief review of basic thermal physiology mechanisms, occupational heat exposure guidelines and ...

OBJECTIVE The noninvasive biomarkers of respiratory impairment were assessed in 15 swine confinement (SC) workers and 9 respiratory healthy, nonsmoking volunteers (HV). METHODS Spirometry, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH were assessed in SC workers after one working shift and one working week and in HV after 5-hour exposure in SC. RESULTS Half...

Accurate and effective voice activity detection (VAD) is a fundamental step for robust speech or speaker recognition. In this study, we proposed a hierarchical framework approach for VAD and speech enhancement. The modified Wiener filter (MWF) approach is utilized for noise reduction in the speech enhancement block. For the feature selection and voting block, several discriminating features wer...

This paper introduces the topic of " Collaborative Distance " within Distributed Collaboration as being an introduction to this Special Issue on Collaborative Working Environments 1 (CWE). It starts in discussing various related concepts, identified during an extensive literature review, on both proximity and distance in distributed collaboration. Then, a Collaborative Distance Framework (CDF) ...

We propose a new approach to commutative watermarkingencryption (CWE). A permutation cipher is used to encrypt the multimedia data, which leaves the global statistics of the multimedia data intact. Therefore, any non-localized watermarking scheme that depends only on global statistics of the multimedia data can be combined with the permutation cipher to form a CWE scheme. We demonstrate this ap...