There has been considerable recent interest in the effects of electromagnetic fields (such as those near electricity transmission lines) on human health, and particularly in their potential to effect the development of leukemia and central nervous system tumors. An elevated risk of leukemia following exposure to electromagnetic fields has been demonstrated [1,2], and the International Agency fo...

In this paper, a numerical study to assess the dosimetry of an in vitro exposure setup at the intermediate frequencies (IF) is presented and validated. The setup is able to reproduce any complex magnetic induction (B) field waveform using a couple of square coils. In our work, actual signals generated by a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) apparatus were exploited. Firstly, the simulated B...

OBJECTIVES Nowadays more and more newly introduced light sources (tungsten-halogen, compact fluorescent (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps) are used in households. It is important to know whether their radiation poses any possible risk for human health or not. These light sources emit optical radiation not solely in the visible spectrum. Other bands emitted by these sources, i.e., ultra...

The Recommendation 1999/529/EU and the Directive 2013/35/EU suggest limits for both general public and occupational exposures to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields, but without special limits for pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the compliance of pregnant women to the current regulations, when exposed to uniform MF at 50 Hz (100 μT for EU Recommendation and 1 and 6 mT for EU Dire...

During the last two decades, the number of macrocell mobile telephony base station antennas emitting radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in residential areas has increased significantly, and therefore much more attention is being paid to RF EMR and its effects on human health. Scientific field measurements of public exposure to RF EMR (specifically to radio frequency radiation) ...

In the millimeter-wave bands towards 5G, human exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) is evaluated in terms of free space power density, rather than specific absorption rate. Maximum power density emitted by 5G user equipment should not exceed the power density limits set by relevant regulatory guidelines. In this paper, we provide upper bounds of maximum power density of ...

OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to test whether exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted by mobile phone base stations may have effects on salivary alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and cortisol levels. METHODS Fifty seven participants were randomly allocated to one of three different experimental scenarios (22 participants to scenario 1, 26 to scenario 2, and...

This review paper, takes into account previously published papers based on human exposure to electromagnetic fields which is radiated from cellular base stations and its corresponding adverse effects on human beings. This paper reviews the estimation and evaluation of the human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF); these radiated fields from cellular base stations which aim to verify the ex...

The data on biologic effects of nonthermal microwaves (MWs) from mobile telephones are diverse, and these effects are presently ignored by safety standards of the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). In the present study, we investigated effects of MWs of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) at different carrier frequencies on human lymphocytes from h...

Wireless communication devices such as tablets are increasing and developing rapidly. The effects of the electromagnetic (EM) waves in the human body from the wireless communication devices have been paid attention. It is well known that the absorption of electromagnetic waves on the human head for a certain period of time may lead to health problems such as headaches, or even worse, significan...