Most phenotypic traits are controlled by many genes, but a global picture of the genotype-phenotype map (GPM) is lacking. For example, in no species do we know generally how many genes affect a trait and how large these effects are. It is also unclear to what extent GPMs are shaped by natural selection. Here we address these fundamental questions using the reverse genetic data of 220 morphologi...

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are quite large and complex. To better understand and analyse GRNs, mathematical models are being employed. Different types of models, such as logical, continuous and stochastic models, can be used to describe GRNs. In this paper, we present a new approach to identify continuous models, because they are more suitable for large number of genes and quantitative ana...

The maximum deepening rate per cyclone track is determined by the maximum height drop at the center of the cyclone (500-hPa low) on the basis of all the 6-h successive steps in its life cycle. The geopotential height gradient is calculated over the entire low area and the calculation continued with the variation of the gradient in the successive steps. The maximum intensification rate per cyclo...

Business process flexibility, while very much desired, bears a rather vague meaning. The paper aims at discussing the meaning of flexibility in business processes. The discussion applies concepts taken from two theoretical frameworks: the Generic Process Model (GPM) and the theory of coordination. Two forms of flexibility are discussed: Short-term flexibility, which is the ability to deviate te...

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC? Several psychotherapy treatments specifically developed for patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have proven to be effective. General psychiatric management (GPM) is one of the therapies that have been shown to be effective for reducing recurrent suicidal and self-harm behaviour, symptom distress and borderline personality disorder features. H...

This paper handles a trajectory optimization of fixed wing aircraft perch landing assisted by thruster. The paper develops aircraft model and deals with six-degree-of-freedom motion for further understanding of dynamic phenomena of proposed landing method. The landing maneuver is described as an optimal control problem minimizing the fuel consumption with specified terminal landing conditions. ...

In response to recent U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Component Design Bases Inspection (CBDI) issues, many US nuclear power stations have been required to demonstrate that minimum submergence requirements were properly determined for flow withdrawal from various safety related storage tanks. In many cases, the licensees failed to consider a vortex allowance, or applied an inappropriat...

The effects of particulate matter (PM) from diesel and leaded gasoline motor vehicles exhaust emissions on sulfation of granites, syenite and gabbro stones have been experimentally studied. Abundant gypsum crystals and corrosion features developed on stones covered with diesel PM (DPM) following 72 h exposure to 100 ppm SO2 at a relative humidity of 100%. In contrast, very small amounts of gyps...

In space missions, the delay of a receiving signal to a transmission signal generally spans a few thousands microseconds due to long range observation. An efficient sampling can be achieved by transmitting pulses successively, as schematically shown in Fig. 1. For the later consideration, a catching integer n is to be introduced. In Fig. 1, the catching integer n is set at 11, for which a pulse...