Manipulative endoparasites can alter the behaviour and the physiology of their intermediate hosts in ways that increase the probability of successful transmission to the final host. This requires that the parasite is able to circumvent its host's immune defence. Successful immune evasion may depend on host-parasite coevolutionary history and the appearance of new hosts invading the local host p...

The subtle effects of sea water acidification on the amphipod Gammarus locusta C. Hauton, T. Tyrrell, and J. Williams School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, Hants, SO14 3ZH, UK Received: 17 November 2008 – Accepted: 17 November 2008 – Published: 15 January 2009 Correspondence to: C. Hauton ([email protected]) Pub...

overall 10389 snails were collected from four study areas of punjab from november 2005 to october2006. the highest prevalence (38%) was found for indoplanorbis followed by physa (17%), bellamaya(10.3%), gyraulus (10%), lymnaea (9.2%), oncomelania (9%) and the lowest was found for bulinus (6.7%).only indoplanorbis snails were found to be positive for schistosoma bovis cercaria. correlation betwe...

Despite the unprecedented development in identification and characterization of prophenoloxidase (proPO) in commercially important decapods, little is known about the evolutionary relationship, rate of amino acid replacement and differential selection pressures operating on proPO of different species of decapods. Here we report the evolutionary relationship among these nine decapod species base...