The Precise Point Positioning Working Group within the Next Generation RTK SubCommission of IAG Commission 4 has been involved with Precise Point Positioning (PPP) developments for the past few years. The information presented here summarizes the Working Group’s findings concerning the state of PPP technology, and discusses the probable nearterm future potential and limitations of the technique...

We report on a study of the Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier-phase (CP) time transfer boundary discontinuity by the use of the precise point positioning (PPP) technique. We first demonstrate that the pseudorange measurement noise leads to the boundary discontinuity by simulation. We also find that the boundary discontinuity is reduced by 10% 30% when executing PPP with the input of the I...

This paper argues how transparency can increase trust and therefore indirectly enhances the results of Public Private Partnerships in complex construction projects. Complex construction projects, e.g. large infrastructure or urban development projects, with public client organizations and private contractors, frequently run into problems. Public Private Partnership projects are characterised by...

APF: amicrobial pustulosis of the folds IBD: inflammatory bowel disease IFN-a: interferon-a PPP: palmoplantar pustulosis TNF-a: tumor necrosis factor-a INTRODUCTION Amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF) and palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) are 2 rare autoinflammatory neutrophilic dermatoses. Many studies report PPP triggered by treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with tumor necrosis f...

This paper employs the time-series negative binomial regression model (TNBM) to test the hypothesis effects of purchasing power parity (PPP) theory on the counts data of visitors to the north-west of Sweden (SW6 region). We consider a sample of monthly time-series count data from 1993:01 to 2008:12 taken from five countries: Denmark, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Japan and the United States....

Reliable and rapid ambiguity resolution (AR) is the key to fast precise point positioning (PPP). We propose a modified partial ambiguity resolution (PAR) method, in which an elevation and standard deviation criterion are first used to remove the low-precision ambiguity estimates for AR. Subsequently the success rate and ratio-test are simultaneously used in an iterative process to increase the ...

Picropodophyllin (PPP) is an anticancer drug undergoing clinical development in NSCLC. PPP has been shown to suppress IGF-1R signaling and to induce a G2/M cell cycle phase arrest but the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study identified an IGF-1-independent mechanism of PPP leading to pro-metaphase arrest. The mitotic block was induced in human cancer cell lines and in an ...

Most economists intuitively consider purchasing power parity (PPP) to be true. Nevertheless, quite surprisingly, the empirical literature is not very supportive for PPP. In this paper, however, we …nd evidence in favor of PPP using a new test. The test is embedded in a Markov regime-switching model for the exchange rate, because earlier papers have shown that this model describes the data bette...

To obtain the coordinates by means of precise point positioning (PPP) technique we need to use the undifferenced GPS pseudocode and carrier phase observations but to obtain the “precise” positioning we need precise orbit and clock data too. This products and other information for obtaining the results by using PPP technique on a centimeter level accuracy can be downloaded from different locatio...

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) is an important mediator of tumor cell survival and shows prognostic significance in sarcoma. To explore potential therapeutic strategies for interrupting signaling through this pathway, we assessed the ability of cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP), a member of the cyclolignan family, to selectively inhibit the receptor tyrosine kinase activity of ...