Background: At the present there is no growth reference for Iranian children, and cross-sectional studies indicate that Iranian children grow at a lower percentile curve than Western children.Aim: The present longitudinal study was undertaken: 1. To establish a growth standard for Iranian children and, 2. To compare their growth with Western norms. Methods: Weight, length, height, and head circ...

Abstract. To better understand the role of atmospheric dynamics in modulating surface concentrations fine particulate matter (PM2.5), we relate anticyclonic wave activity (AWA) metric and PM2.5 data from Interagency Monitoring Protected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) for period 1988–2014 over US. The observational results are compared with hindcast simulations past 2 decades using National Center...

The Datex Capnomac Ultima monitor combines a sidestream rapid gas analyser with a spirometer. In theory the integral of simultaneous flow and oxygen concentration during inspiration is the inspired and expired volume of oxygen. From the difference between these two amounts, oxygen consumption (VO2) can be estimated. VO2 was measured in patients under general anaesthesia and compared with that o...

Birth-weight-gestational-age standards help to identify infants in need of special care and to determine causes and means for preventing retardation of intrauterine growth. Previously published standards either were based on small samples, data several decades old or characteristics of subpopulations in the United States or they were not specific for type of birth and sex. We compared the data ...

Traditional goodness-of-fit tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and 2 tests are easily applied to data of the continuous or discrete type, respectively. Occasionally, however, the case arises when continuous data are recorded into discrete categories due to an imprecise measurement system. In this instance, the traditional goodness-of-fit tests may not be wholly applicable because of an unmana...

In this article, the authors propose reference curves for height and weight for school children in the Kuching area, Sarawak. The school children were from primary to secondary schools (aged 6.5 to 17 years old) and comprised both genders. Anthropometric measurements and demographic information for 3081 school-aged children were collected (1440 boys and 1641 girls). Fitted line plots and percen...

BACKGROUND To build a reference curve for the area of Wharton's jelly (WJ) in low-risk pregnancies from 13 to 40 weeks and to assess its relationship with estimated fetal weight (EFW). METHODS 2,189 low-risk pregnancies had the area of WJ estimated by ultrasound and the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles calculated using a third-degree polynomial regression procedure. EFW by ultrasound was corre...

Physicians play a critical role in determining medical-care expenditures. In this study, we empirically assess the degree to which physicians exploit their bargaining leverage over insurance carriers as a means to raise service prices. We also examine the degree to which these potentially higher payments may translate into different levels of service utilization. We find that physicians are abl...

This paper studies incumbent price response to entry by low-cost carriers in the U.S. airline industry. I find that legacy carrier incumbents decrease their mean airfare, 10th percentile airfare, and 90th percentile airfare following entry by a low-cost carrier. Airfares decrease by a larger percentage at the right tail of the incumbents’ price distribution than at the left tail, suggesting tha...