like other religions, there are various currents in imami shiite in the first centuries. this article, relying on discourse analysis and by concentrating on oppositions, attempts to identify the internal shiite currents in iraq and iran in the second and third centuries. according to historical evidences, the opposition between school of hisham ibn al-hakam and majority of shia, which was schoo...

Both the first written historical record and modern radiocarbon analysis date the cloth known as the shroud of Turin to the 13th or 14th century. Interestingly, many people have remained convinced that the cloth was used as the burial shroud of Jesus and thus must be approximately 2000 years old. The primary reason usually cited for this belief is the inability of scientists to explain how a 13...

The archaeologists have debated over a century and a half about the localization of the Aquileia theatre. Luisa Bertacchi places it as her latest proposal at the Fondo Comelli; however, no apparent traces of a theatre were found there. Some of its parts were obviously removed, but nothing remains of a large building which was still visible during the 13th and 14th centuries. Aerial photographs ...

The Ayyubid- Mamluk Muslim rulers built or rebuilt castles in order to defend their borders against the crusaders. During 12th-13th centuries, they changed hands several times, but were maintained and strengthened mainly by Muslims, as attested numerous Arabic inscriptions found incorporated into buildings. It is important mention here that Irene A. Bierman’s book entitled Writing Signs: Fatimi...

the valley of alamut is situated in the north – east of qazvin province. the region is an enclave in the form of a u shape valley in the central alborz chains and opening up to the fertile qazvin plains. the mountains of alamut were ideal for construction of castles. the natural heights contains a section of the defensive structure of the castles. in 1090 a.d, hassan sabbah , the leader of is...