The adoption of sustainable 4D printing in automotive component manufacturing industry helps to produce environmentally conscious critical components. This article introduces the study which 18 barriers were identified through expert consultation and literature review. analysed against six criteria, namely, Build Time (C1), Accuracy (C2), Customization (C3), Carbon Footprint (C4), Material Util...

Abstract Recent years have seen major advances in the additive manufacturing of stimuli‐responsive materials, also known as “4D printing,” among which liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) play an important role. However, during fabrication photo‐crosslinking LCEs is required, but this step time‐consuming and efficient polymerization challenging, especially case light‐responsive materials. In work, ...

3D printing, also known under the term additive manufacturing, is a technology that allows creation of complex and highly detailed objects using digital model number materials, such as plastics, metals, ceramics. 4D printing an expansion incorporates time, meaning material used in can change shape or properties over time. This becoming increasingly important context Industry 4.0, characterized ...

Abstract Recent efforts on design for four-dimensional (4D) printing have considered the spatial arrangement of smart materials and energy stimuli. The development multifunctional structures their desired mechanical/actuation performances require tackling 4D from a multi-material perspective. With distributions there is an opportunity to increase spectrum concepts with computational approaches....

In recent years the colour printing of illustrations in magazines and books, and the colour film in the cinema and in amateur photography, have attained a high degree of perfection. They have, as it were, opened the general public's eyes to the world of colour. Colour !elevision has also made considerable strides, as evidenced,for example, by the regular colour television transmissions in the U...

What radiologists need to know about 3D printing and its main applications in musculoskeletal imaging Dear Editor, The utility of the various imaging methods in the evaluation and diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders is well established, and those methods play a fundamental role in the planning of the different treatments, be they conservative or surgical, providing images that can be manipul...

Three-dimensional (3D) printing with wood-plastic composites is already well known, and the use of wood in four-dimensional (4D) being increasingly explored. 4D an evolving area additive technologies where, appropriate design 3D materials, we can create products that change shape form dynamic structures when triggered externally. In printing, hygroscopicity – usually considered a disadvantage b...

Abstract Additive manufacturing has provided a unique opportunity to fabricate highly complex structures as well sandwich with various out-of-plane cores. The application of intelligent materials, such shape memory polymers, gives an additional dimension the three-dimensional (3D) printing process, known four-dimensional (4D) printing, so that deformed can return their initial by influence exte...