with the ‘uthmānī muṣḥaf (copy of the qur’ān) having been inscribed and formalized, and upon the necessitation of reciting the qur’ān according to its orthography, the other muṣḥafs, including the muṣḥaf of ubayy b. ka‘b, gradually lost their competence. nevertheless, the ‘uthmānī muṣḥaf found its own qārīs (reciters) and qarā‘as and abū bakr b, mujāhid presented the qarā‘a of his own selection...

Even though there is a consensus among Muslim scholars that rebellion without valid grounds not acceptable, they have disagreed on the permissibility of against an unjust ruler. Abū Ḥanīfa has pivotal place in these debates, as he eponym law school first dedicated special chapter to (baghy) its legal texts. Interestingly, however, views attributed him topic are inconsistent: Some sources claim ...

BACKGROUND Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī, known as Rhazes in the Western world (854-925 CE), was an Iranian polymath, physician and one of the most prominent sages in the medieval period. He wrote several medical books and treaties such as "Continents", a comprehensive medical encyclopedia, treaties in smallpox and measles, "Al-Mansuri" and many other important manuscripts in the medi...

The idea that intentionality is the distinctive mark of the mental or that only mental phenomena have intentionality emerged in the philosophical tradition after Franz Brentano. Much of contemporary philosophy is dedicated to a rejection of the view that mental phenomena have original intentionality. In other words, main strands of contemporary philosophy seek to naturalize intentionality of th...

in the early centuries, the land of persia was a scene of clashes, riots, revolutions – great and small – consisting of various political, religious, and social motivations. in the meantime, maybe the least known of all is the uprising of abū ‘īsā iṣfahānī, which, because he and his followers were jewish and as it was a resurgence in a country with a muslim population as well as due to the ambi...

The Khorezm encyclopedist Abū Reyhān Muhammad bin Ahmad al- Bīrūnī (973–1048) is one of the most famous thinkers and scholars in Muslim world. But only few people still know on his Arabic translation from Sanskrit second part which published below — “ Kitāb Bātanjali Hindī ” (“The Book Hindu Patanjali”). Before us an exposition or transcription Yoga- Sūtras Patañjali, along with explanatory com...

Background and Purpose: Several classical scholars who contributed to developing the theory of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah are overlooked in contemporary studies maqāṣid. Most ‎contemporary focused on al-Juwaynī, al-Ghazālī al-Shāṭibī. However, studying a requires investigating all works that pioneered without discrimination. This could provide new insights for study paper addresses this oversight by r...