Satellite instruments are nowadays successfully utilised for measuring atmospheric aerosol in many applications as well as in research. Therefore, there is a growing need for rigorous error characterisation of the measurements. Here, we introduce a methodology for quantifying the uncertainty in the retrieval of aerosol optical thickness (AOT). In particular, we concentrate on two aspects: uncer...

Quantitative measurements of aerosol absorptive properties, e.g. the absorbing optical depth (AAOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA), are important to reduce uncertainties climate radiative forcing assessments. Currently, global retrievals AAOD SSA mainly provided by ground-based Aerosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), whereas it is still challenging retrieve them from space. However, we found AER...

BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 1A, an enzyme known to metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), participates in the metabolism of aristolochic acid I (AAI) in liver and kidney microsomes isolated from humans and rodents. This study was designed to investigate whether P450 1A plays a role in AAI-induced renal injury in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Separate groups of mice were given AAI (10 mg/k...

Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a plant alkaloid causing aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and their associated urothelial malignancies. AAI is detoxified by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated O-demethylation to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (aristolochic acid Ia, AAIa). We previously investigated the efficiencies of human and rat CYPs in the presence of two other components of ...

Ingenol mebutate possesses significant cytotoxicity and is clinically used to treat actinic keratosis. However, ingenol mebutate undergoes acyl migration which affects its bioactivity. Compound 3-O-angeloyl-20-O-acetyl ingenol (AAI, also known as 20-O-acetyl-ingenol-3-angelate or PEP008) is a synthetic derivative of ingenol mebutate. In this work, we report the AAI synthesis details and demonst...

BACKGROUND Monitoring hypnotic depth is used to prevent awareness during general anesthesia. We used the A-line ARX index (AAI) to assess the effect of shortterm inhalation of sevoflurane in the prevention of intubation-induced inadequate hypnotic depth during anesthetic induction. METHODS Thirty patients were randomly divided into the sevoflurane and non-sevoflurane groups, both of which wer...

Light-absorbing and high-molecular-weight secondary organic products were observed to result from the reaction of glyoxal in mildly acidic (pH=4) aqueous inorganic salt solutions mimicking aqueous tropospheric aerosol particles. High-molecular-weight (500–600 amu) products were observed when ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) or sodium chloride (NaCl) was present in the aqueous phase. The products fo...

[1] Anthropogenic emissions of fine black carbon (BC) particles, the principal light-absorbing atmospheric aerosol, have varied during the past century in response to changes of fossil-fuel utilization, technology developments, and emission controls. We estimate historical trends of fossilfuel BC emissions in six regions that represent about twothirds of present day emissions and extrapolate th...

Until recently, the retrieval of aerosol absorption properties from space seemed so prone to error as to be almost worthless. The principal difficulty being that if the aerosol optical depth is relatively low, then the signal measured at the satellite is proportional to ωτP(θ), where ω is the singlescattering albedo, τ is the optical depth and θ is the scattering angle. It is, therefore, imposs...